Skip to main content
Log in

Stellar coronae—Evidence for their existence from X- and UV observations

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Stellar coronae were among the first predicted X-ray sources. Because of their relatively low X-ray luminosities, however, they have been discovered only during the last few years.

In the present paper the current state of stellar coronal X- and UV observations has been reviewed, including some preliminary observational results from the HEAO-1 and IUE satellites, but still without any result from the recently launched X-ray satellite HEAO-2.

Late 1978 about two dozens of stellar soft X-ray sources have been detected, e.g., normal stars like the Sun (e.g., α Cen), very active stars (RS CVn systems), and possibly a corona around an intermediately hot white dwarf (Sirius B).

The observational results of various objects have been discussed and compared with X-ray luminosity predictions based on minimum-flux coronal models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, C. W.: 1973, Astrophysical Quantities, 3rd Ed., University of London, The Athlone Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ando, H. and Osaki, Y.: 1975, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 27, 581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • d'Angelo, N.: 1969, Solar Phys. 7, 321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antiochos, S. K. and Underwood, J. H.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. Letters 68, L19.

    Google Scholar 

  • d'Antona, F. and Mazzitelli, I.: 1978, Nature 275, 726

    Google Scholar 

  • Athay, R. G.: 1976, The Solar Chromosphere and Corona: Quiet Sun, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auer, L. H. and Shipman, H. L.: 1977, Astrophys. J. Letters 211, L103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beigman, I. L., Vainshtein, L. A., Klimuk, P. I., Mandelshtam, S. L., Sevostyanov, V. I., Tindo, I. P., and Shurygin, A. I.: 1976, Pisma b Azh (Letter to AJ) 2, 18 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Biermann, L.: 1946, Naturwiss. 33, 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, G. A.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 139, 675; 139, 684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, G. A.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 141, 1455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S.: 1976, private communication.

  • Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S. and Lamzin, S. A.: 1976, ‘Models of Outflowing Envelopes of T Tauri Stars’, Space Res. Inst. Rep. Nr. 295 (in Russian), Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleeker, J. A. M., Davelaar, J., Deerenberg, A. J. M., Huizenga, H., Brinkman, A. C., Heise, J., Tanaka, Y., Hayakawa, S., and Yamashita, K.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 69, 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • den Boggende, A. J. F. and Mewe, R.: 1979, in W. A. Baity and L. E. Peterson (eds.), ‘(COSPAR) X-Ray Astronomy’, Proc. 21st COSPAR Symposium Innsbruck, June 1978, p. 193.

  • den Boggende, A. J. F., Mewe, R., Gronenschild, E. H. B. M., Heise, J., and Grindlay, J. E.: 1978a, Astron. Astrophys. 62, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • den Boggende, A. J. F., Mewe, R., Heise, J., Brinkman, A. C., Gronenschild, E. H. B. M., and Schrijver, J.: 1978b, Astron. Astrophys. Letters 67, L29.

    Google Scholar 

  • den Boggende, A. J. F., Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., and Mewe, R.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys., in press.

  • Böhm-Vitense, E.: 1958, Z. Astrophys. 46, 108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm, K. H. and Cassinelli, J. P.: 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 46, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boland, B. C., Engstrom, S. F. T., Jones, B. B., and Wilson, R.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 22, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Bos, W. H.: 1960, J. Obs. 43, 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J. D.: 1970, Introduction to the Solar Wind, Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 63–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brecher, K.: 1976, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 8, 450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnight, T. R.: 1949, Phys. Rev. 76, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, W., Bowyer, S., Charles, P. A., Lampton, M., Garmire, G., and Riegler, G.: 1978a, Astrophys. J. Letters 223, L21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, W., Bowyer, S., and Lampton, M.: 1978b, Astrophys. J. Letters 221, L87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassinelli, J. P. and Hartmann, L.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 212, 488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassinelli, J. P. and Olson, G. L.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 229, 304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassinelli, J. P., Olson, G. L., and Stalio, R.: 1978b, Astrophys. J. 220, 573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassinelli, J. P., Castor, J. I., and Lamers, H. J. G. L. M.: 1978a, ‘Expanding Envelopes of Early-Type Stars: Current Status’ (Outline of a Workshop on Stellar Winds, JILA, Boulder, Oct. 3–6, 1977), Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 90, 496.

  • Castor, J., McCray, R., and Weaver, R.: 1975, Astrophys. J. Letters 200, L10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catura, R. C., Acton, L. W., and Johnson, H. M.: 1975, Astrophys. J. Letters 196, L47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. and Gough, D. O.: 1976, Nature 259, 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, B. A., Fabian, A. C., and Pringle, J. E.: 1978, Nature 273, 645.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruddace, R., Bowyer, S., Malina, R., Margon, B., and Lampton, M.: 1975, Astrophys. J. Letters 202, L9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deubner, F.-L.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 51, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnely, R. F. and Pope, J. H.: 1973, ‘The 1–3000 Å Solar Flux for a Moderate Level of Solar Activity’, NOAA Techn. Rep. ERL276-SEL25, Boulder, Colo., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doschek, G. A., Feldman, U., Mariska, J. T., and Linsky, J. L.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, L35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupree, A. K.: 1975, Astrophys. J. Letters 200, L27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupree, A. K.: 1976, in R. Cayrel and M. Steinberg (eds.), ‘Physique des mouvements dans les Atmosphères Stellaires’, Nice Coll., 1975, p. 439.

  • Dupree, A. K., Baliunas, S. L., and Lester, J. B.: 1977, Astrophys. J. Letters 218, L71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupree, A. K., Davis, R. J., Gursky, H., Hartmann, L. W., Raymond, J. C., Boggess, A., Holm, A., Kondo, Y., Wu, C.-C., Macchetto, F., Sandford, M. C. W., Willis, A. J., Wilson, R., Ciatti, F., Hutchings, J. B., Johnson, H. M., Jugaku, J., Morton, D. C., Treves, A., and van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1978, Nature 275, 400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durisen, R. H., Savedoff, M. P., and van Horn, H. M.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 206, L149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edlén, B.: 1941, Arkiv Math. Astron. Phys. B28, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edlén, B.: 1942, Z. Astrophys. 22, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, F., Hammer, R., and Ulmschneider, P.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys., in press.

  • Evans, R. G., Jordan, C., and Wilson, R.: 1975, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 172, 585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, V. C. A. and Plumpton, C.: 1958, Astrophys. J. 127, 459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, G. B.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 142, 531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flower, D. R.: 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 58, 185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flower, D. R. and Pineau des Forêts, G.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 52, 191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine, G.: 1977, Astron. Astrophys. Letters 58, L9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garmire, G. P.: 1979, in W. A. Baity and L. E. Peterson (eds.), ‘(COSPAR) X-Ray Astronomy’, Proc. 21st COSPAR Symposium, Innsbruck, June 1978, in press.

  • Gerola, H., Linsky, J. L., Shine, R., McClintock, W., Henry, R. C., and Moos, H. W.: 1974, Astrophys. J. Letters 193, L107; 218 (1977), L32 (Erratum).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorenstein, P. and Tucker, W. H.: 1976, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 14, 373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein, J. L., Oke, J. B., and Shipman, H. L.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, 563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grotrian, W.: 1939, Naturwiss. 27, 214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haisch, B. M. and Linsky, J. L.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 205, L39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, D. S.: 1976, in W. Fitch (ed.), ‘Multiple Periodic Variable Stars’, IAU Coll. 29, 207, (Part 1).

  • Hall, D. S.: 1978, private communication.

  • Harnden, F. R. Jr., Fabricant, D., Topka, K., Flannery, B. P., Tucker, W. H., and Gorenstein, P.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 214, 418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A. G.: 1972, Astron. Astrophys. 19, 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A. G.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 23, 97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A. G.: 1975a, Astron. Astrophys. 40, 355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A. G.: 1975b, Astron. Astrophys. 40, 277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A. G.: 1977, Solar Phys. 51, 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, A. G.: 1979, ‘The Minimum Flux Corona Theory’, preprint, (Astron. Astrophys.).

  • Hearn, A. G. and Mewe, R.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. Letters 50, 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, D. R., Richardson, J. A., Bradt. H. V. D., Clark, G. W., Lewin, W. H. G., Mayer, W. F., McClintock, J. E., Primini, F. A., and Rappaport, S. A.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 203, L21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heise, J. and Huizenga, H.: 1979, ‘The Helium Abundance of White Dwarfs Derived from Ultra Soft X-Ray Spectra’, preprint.

  • Herbig, G. H.: 1962, Adv. Astron. Astrophys. 1, 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hills, J. G.: 1973, Astrophys. Letters 14, 69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, A. V.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 210, L87.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jager, C.: 1960, in ‘Modèle d'étoiles et evolution stellaire’, Liège Coll. 16, 280 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jager, C.: 1976, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège, 6th Series, 9, 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jager, C. and Kuperus, M.: 1961, Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands 16, 71.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jager, C. and de Loore, C.: 1971, Astrophys. Space Sci. 11, 284.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jager, C. and Neven, L.: 1961, in ‘Les spectres des Astres dans l'ultra-violet lointain’, Liège Coll. 20, 552 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordon, S. D. and Avrett, E. H. (eds.): 1973, Stellar Chromospheres NASA SP-317.

  • Kalkofen, W. and Ulmschneider, P.: 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 57, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katsova, M. M. and Livshitz, M. A.: 1978, A. Zh. 55, 363 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelch, W. L., Linsky, J. L., Basri, G. S., Chiu, H.-Y., Chang, S.-H., Maran, S. P., and Furenlid, I.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 220, 962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, R. A.: 1968, ‘The Equilibrium Structure of a Shock-Heated Corona’, Air Force Cambridge Report Nr. 4, Bedford, Mass.

  • Kuperus, M.: 1965, Recherches Astron. Obs. Utrecht 17. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuperus, M.: 1969, Space Sci. Rev. 9, 713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuperus, M. and Chiuderi, C.: 1977, in R. M. Bonnet and Ph. Delache (eds.), ‘The Energy Balance and Hydrodynamics of the Solar Chromosphere and Corona’, Proc. IAU Coll. 3, 223.

  • Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. and Kuperus, M.: 1974, in H. J. Lamers, ‘Studies on the Structure and Stability of Extended Stellar Atmospheres’, Thesis, Utrecht, p. 169.

  • Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. and de Loore, C.: 1974, in H. J. Lamers, ‘Studies on the Structure and Stability of Extended Stellar Atmospheres’, Thesis, Utrecht, p. 201.

  • Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. and de Loore, C.: 1976, in R. Cayrel and M. Steinberg (eds.), ‘Physique des mouvements dans les atmosphères stellaires’, Nice Coll. 1975, p. 453.

  • Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. and Morton, D. C.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 32, 715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. and Rogerson, J. B. (Jr.): 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 66, 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. and Snow, T. P.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 219, 504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampton, M.: 1978, private communication.

  • Lampton, M. and Mewe, R.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys., in press.

  • Lampton, M., Margon, B., Paresce, F., Stern, R., and Bowyer, S.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 203, L71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampton, M., Tuohy, I., Garmire, G., and Charles, P.: 1979, in W. A. Baity and L. E. Peterson (eds.), ‘(COSPAR) X-Ray Astronomy’, Proc. 21st COSPAR Symposium, Innsbruck, June 1978, in press.

  • Landini, M. and Monsignori Fossi, B. C.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 25, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lighthill, M. J.: 1952, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A211, 564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindenblad, I. W.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 78, 205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linsky, J. L., Ayres, T. R., Basri, G. S., Morrison, N. D., Boggess, A., Schiffer, F. H. (III), Holm, A., Cassatella, A., Heck, A., Macchetto, F., Stickland, D., Wilson, R., Blanco, C., Dupree, A. K., Jordan, C., and Wing, R. F.: 1978, Nature 275, 389.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Loore, C.: 1970, Astrophys. Space Sci. 6, 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Loore, C.: 1977, in E. A. Müller (ed.), Highlights of Astronomy 4 (Part 2), 155.

  • Mangeney, A. and Souffrin, P.: 1979, ‘On the Two Parameters Models for Stellar Coronae’, preprint, (Astron. Astrophys.).

  • Margon, B., Mason, K. O., and Sanford, P. W.: 1974, Astrophys. J. Letters 194, L75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margon, B., Lampton, M., Bowyer, S., Stern, R., and Paresce, F.: 1976a, Astrophys. J. Letters 210, L79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margon, B., Malina, R., Bowyer, S., Cruddace, R., and Lampton, M.: 1976b, Astrophys. J. Letters 203, L25.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhirter, R. W. P., Thonemann, P. C., and Wilson, R.: 1975, Astron. Astrophys. 40, 63; 61 (1977), 859 (Erratum).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meeus, J.: 1971, Sky Tel. 41, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R.: 1972, Solar Phys. 22, 459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R.: 1975, Solar Phys. 44, 383; also Gronenschild, E. H. B. M. and Mewe, R.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 32, 283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R.: 1976a, results quoted in de Jager (1976), de Loore (1977), and Mewe et al. (1976).

  • Mewe, R.: 1976b, Bull Am. Astron. Soc. 8, 454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R., Heise, J., Gronenschild, E. H. B. M., Brinkman, A. C., Schrijver, J., and den Boggende, A. J. F.: 1975a, Astrophys. J. Letters 202, L67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R., Heise, J., Gronenschild, E. H. B. M., Brinkman, A. C., Schrijver, J., and den Boggende, A. J. F.: 1975b, Nature Phys. Sci. 256, 711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewe, R., Heise, J., Gronenschild, E. H. B. M., Brinkman, A. C., Schrijver, J., and den Boggende, A. J. F.: 1976, Astrophys. Space Sci. 42, 217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middelkoop, F. and Zwaan, C.: 1979, in preparation.

  • Mullan, D. J.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 209, 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, J. and Garmire, G.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, L83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, G. L.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterbrock, D. E.: 1961, Astrophys. J. 134, 347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1958, Astrophys. J. 128, 664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper, D. M. and Ulrich, R. K.: 1977, Astrophys. J. Letters 212, L131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Praderie, F.: 1973, in S. D. Jordan and E. H. Avrett (eds.), ‘Stellar Chromospheres’, NASA-SP-317, 1973, p. 79.

  • Proudman, I.: 1952, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A214, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, J. D., Tousey, R., and Watanabe, K.: 1949, Phys. Rev. 76, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, J. C., Cox, D. P., and Smith, B. W.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 204, 290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renzini, A., Cacciari, C., Ulmschneider, P., and Schmitz, F.: 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 61, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruciński, S. M.: 1978, private communication.

  • Savedoff, M. P., van Horn, H. M., Wesemael, F., Auer, L. H., Snow, T. P. and York, D. G.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 207, L45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schatzmann, E.: 1949, Ann. Astrophys. 12, 203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnopper, H. W., Delvaille, J. P., Epstein, A., Helmken, H., Murray, S. S., Clark, G., Jernigan, G., and Doxsey, R.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 210, L75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzschild, M.: 1948, Astrophys. J., 107, 1,

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipman, H. L.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 206, L67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipman, H. L., Margon, B., Bowyer, S., Lampton, M., Paresce, F., and Stern, R.: 1977, Astrophys. J. Letters 213, L25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, T. P., and Morton, D. C.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 32, 429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steigman, G., Strittmatter, P., and Williams, R.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 188, 575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, R. F.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 154, 297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, R. F. and Leibacher, J.: 1974, Ann. Rev., Astron. Astrophys. 12, 407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter, P. A., Brecher, K., and Burbidge, G. R.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 174, 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struve, O. and Kilby, R.: 1953, Astrophys. J. 117; 272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toomre, J., Zahn, J.-P., Latour, J., and Spiegel, E. A.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 207, 545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Topka, K., Fabricant, D., Harnden, F. R. Jr., and Gorenstein, P.: 1977, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 9, 560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, W. H. and Koren, M.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 168, 283; 170, 621 (Erratum).

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, Y.: 1963, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 15, 376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmschneider, P.: 1967, Z. Astrophys. 67, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmschneider, P.: 1971a, Astron. Astrophys. 12, 297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmschneider, P.: 1971b, Astron. Astrophys. 14, 275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmschneider, P.: 1979a, Space Sci. Rev., this issue, p. 71.

  • Ulmschneider, P.: 1979b, private communication.

  • Ulmschneider, P. and Kalkofen, W.: 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 57, 199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmschneider, P. and Kalkofen, W.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 69, 407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmschneider, P., and Kalkofen, W., Nowak, T., and Bohn, U.: 1977a, Astron. Astrophys. 54, 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmschneider, P., Schmitz, F., Renzini, A., Cacciari, C., Kalkofen, W., and Kurucz, R.: 1977b, Astron. Astrophys. 61, 515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaiana, G. S. and Rosner, R.: 1978, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 16, 393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderhill, M. J., Borken, R. J., Bunner, A. N., Burstein, P. H., and Kraushaar, W. L.: 1975, Astrophys. J. Letters 197, L19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, A. H. and Zirin, H.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitz, R. C., Weiser, H., Moos, H. W., Weinstein, A., and Warden, E. S.: 1976, Astrophys. J. Letters 205, L35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F., Charles, P., and Bowyer, S.: 1978a, Astrophys. J. Letters 225, L119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F., Charles, P., and Bowyer, S.: 1978b, Nature 274, 569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F., Charles, P., and Bowyer, S.: 1978c, submitted to Astrophys. J.

  • White, N. E., Sanford, P. W., and Weiler, E. J.: 1978, Nature 274, 569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, O. C.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 144, 695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, O. C.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 153, 221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, O. C.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 160, 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. O.: 1954, Publ. Dom. Astron. Obs. 10, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwaan, C.: 1977, Mem. Soc. Astron. Italiana 48, 525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwaan, C.: 1979, in preparation.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mewe, R. Stellar coronae—Evidence for their existence from X- and UV observations. Space Sci Rev 24, 101–144 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221844

Download citation

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221844

Keywords

Navigation