Abstract
Fluid inclusions in mineralized graphite-sillimanite-mica schist from the Rampura-Agucha Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit, Rajasthan, northwest India, have been investigated by microthermometry and Raman microspectrometry. Three different main types of fluid inclusions in quartz can be distinguished: (1) gaseous (CO2, partially mixed with CH4-N2), (2) low salinity aqueous inclusions (0–8 eq. wt% NaCl) and (3) high salinity aqueous inclusions (NaCl ± MgCl2-CaCl2). Low density CO2-rich and low salinity H2O inclusions are contemporaneous and occur, together with CH4-N2 inclusions, in close association with sulfide mineral inclusions. This indicates immiscibility between the gaseous and aqueous phase and participation of these fluids during the deposition or remobilization of the ore, which occurred over a wide P (1220 to 200 bar) and T (450 to 250 °C). Raman spectra of graphite indicate upper greenschist-facies metamorphic conditions, although host rocks have been metamorphosed at upper amphibolite-facies metamorphic conditions. This indicates that graphite re-equilibrated with the CO2-rich phase during retrograde metamorphism.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bakker, R.J., Jansen, B.H. (1990) Preferential water leakage from fluid inclusions by means of mobile dislocations. Nature 345: 58–60.
Burke, E.A.J., Lustenhouwer, W.J. (1987) The application of a multichannel laser Raman microprobe (Microdil-28) to the analysis of fluid inclusions. Chem. Geol. 61: 11–17
Crawford, M.L., Filer, J., Wood, C. (1979) Saline fluid inclusions associated with retrograde metamorphism. Bull. Mineral. 102: 562–568
Crawford, M.L. (1981) Phase equilibria in aqueous fluid inclusions. In: L.S. Hollister, Crawford, M.L. (eds.) Short course in fluid inclusions: applications to petrology, vol. 6. Min. Assoc. Canada Short Course Handbook, pp. 75–100
Deb, M., Thorpe, R.I., Cumming, G.L., Wagner, P.A. (1989) Age, source and stratigraphic implications of Pb isotope data for conformable, sediment-hosted, base metal deposits in the Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi Orogenic belt, Northwestern India. Precambrian Res 43: 1–22
Deb, M., Sarkar, S.C. (1990) Isotopic constitution of sulfur in the conformable base metal deposits in the Proterozoic Aravalli Delhi Orogenic belt, Northwestern India. Developments in Precambrian geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 631–651
Dubessy, J., Poty, B., Ramboz, C. (1989) Advances in C-O-H-N-S fluid geochemistry based on micro-Raman spectrometric analysis of fluid inclusions. Eur. J. Mineral. 1: 517–534
Gandhi, S.M., Paliwal, H.V., Bhatnagar, S.N. (1984) Geology and ore reserve estimates of Rampura Agucha lead zinc deposit, Bhilwara District. J. Geol. Soc. India 25: 689–705
Harley, S.C. (1989) The origin of granulite. A metamorphic perspective. Geol. Mag. 126: 214–247
Holloway, J.R. (1977) Fugacity and activity of molecular species in supercritical fluids. In: Fraser, D.G. (ed.) Thermodynamics in Geology. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 161–181
Holloway, J.R. (1981) Composition and volumes of supercritical fluids in the earth's crust. In: Hollister, L.S., Crawford, M.L. (eds.) Short course in fluid inclusions: applications to petrology, vol. 6. Min. Assoc. Canada Short Course Handbook, pp. 132–38
HZL Staff (1992) Rampura-Agucha mine. Mining Mag. 167: 372–375
Kerkhof, A.M. van den (1988) The system CO2-CH4-N2 in fluid inclusions: theoretical modelling and geological applications. Ph.D. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 206 pp
Kerkhof, A.M. van den (1990) Isochoric phase diagrams in the systems CO2-CH4 and CO2-N2: applications to fluid inclusions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 54: 895–901
Pasteris, J.D., Wopenka, B. (1991) Raman spectra of graphite as indicators of degree of metamorphism. Can. Mineral. 29: 1–9
Ray, J.N. (1980) An evaluation of the tectonic framework of the Rampura-Agucha lead-zinc deposit, Bhilwara District, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 34: 19–21
Roedder, E. (1984) Fluid inclusions. Rev. Mineral. Mineral Soc. Am 12: 12–26
Shepherd, T. (1981) Temperature-programmable, heating-freezing stage for microthermometric analyses of fluid inclusions. Econ. Geol. 76: 1244–1247
Sterner, S.M., Bodnar, R.J. (1989) Synthetic fluid inclusions VII. Re-equilibration of fluid inclusions in quartz during laboratory-simulated metamorphic burial and uplift. J. Metam. Geol. 7: 243–260
Sugden, T.J., Deb M., Windley, B.F. (1990) The tectonic setting of mineralization in the Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt, N.W. India. Developments in Precambrian geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 367–390
Thiery, R., Vidal, J., Dubessy, J. (1994) Phase equilibria modelling applied to fluid inclusions: liquid-vapour equilibria and calculation of the molar volume in the CO2-CH4-N2 system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58: 1073–1082
Touray, J.-C., Beny, C., Dubessy, J., Guilhaumou, N. (1985) Microcharacterization of fluid inclusions in minerals by Raman microprobe. Scanning Electron Microsc. 1985/1: 103–118
Touret, J.L.R. (1981) Fluid inclusions in high grade metamorphic rocks. In: Hollister, L.S., Crawford, M.L. (eds.) Short course in fluid inclusions: applications to petrology, vol. 6. Min. Assoc. Canada Short Course Handbook, pp. 182–202
Touret, J.L.R. (1988) Nature and interpretation of fluid inclusions in granulites. In: Ashwal, L.D. (ed.) Workshop on the deep continental crust of South India. LPI Techn. Rep. 88–6 Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 181–184
Wopenka, B., Pasteris, J.D. (1993) Structural characterization of kerogens to granulite-facies graphite: applicability of Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Am. Mineral. 78: 533–557
Zhang, Y., Frantz, J.D. (1987) Determination of the homogenization temperatures and densities of supercritical fluids in the system NaCl-KCl-CaCl2-H2O using synthetic fluid inclusions. Chem. Geol. 64: 335–350
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Höller, W., Touret, J.L.R. & Stumpfl, E.F. Retrograde fluid evolution at the Rampura Agucha Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit, Rajasthan, India. Mineral. Deposita 31, 163–171 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204024
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204024