Abstract
Soil water and temperature dynamics were measured in a field experiment with winter wheat on a clay soil. There were four treatments: Control (C), receiving natural precipitation, drought (D), protected from rain by plastic screens during the growing season, daily irrigation (I) and daily irrigation and fertilization (IF). Treatments C, D and I received the nitrogen fertilizer as a single application of solid fertilizer in spring. In IF daily dressings of nutrients were supplied in the irrigation water. All treatments received 20 g Nm−2. An associated experiment with a newly sown grass ley (L) that was irrigated and fertilized daily (total 5.6 g Nm −2) was also performed. Standard meteorological variables (air temperature and humidity, wind speed, precipitation, global radiation, and relative cloudiness) and crop development data (green area index, crop height, relative root distribution in depth) above and below ground were used as driving variables within a physically based dynamic model (SOIL) for simulating water and heat fluxes. Measured soil temperature and water content from one treatment (I) were used to tune the model parameters, tentatively set from literature data. Thereafter, water and heat fluxes in the other treatments were simulated using the same parameter values but with different crop-related measurements as driving variables for each treatment. Measured soil temperature and water content in C, D, IF and L could thus be used for validation of the simulations. The theory formulated in the model could accurately explain measured treatment differences in soil water and temperature dynamics. Since the soil-related parameters were identical in all treatments, the model was shown to be applicable over a wide range of moisture conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ågren GI (1988) Ideal nutrient productivities and nutrient proportions in plant growth. Plant Cell Environm 11:613–620
Andrén O, Rajkai K, Rajkai Vegh K (1990) Spatial variation of soil physical and chemical properties in an arable field with high clay content. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Uppsala, Report 40, p 17
Andrén O, Rajkai K, Kätterer T (1991) A nondestructive technique for studies of root distribution in relation to soil moisture. Agric Ecosys Environm 34:269–278
Andrén O, Steen E, Rajkai K (1992) Modelling the effects of moisture on barley straw and root decomposition in the field. Soil Biol Biochem 24, 8:727–736
Andrén O, Rajkai K, Kätterer T (1993) Water and temperature dynamics in a clay soil under winter wheat — influence on straw decomposition and N immobilization. Biol Fertil Soils 15:1–8
Axelsson B, Ågren G (1976) Tree growth model (PT 1) — a development paper. Swedish Coniferous Forest Project. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Uppsala. Internal Report 41, p 79
Barfield BJ, Payne FA, Walker JN (1973) Surface water storage of selected crop leaves under irrigation sprays. Agric Meteorol 12:105–111
Beven K, Germann P (1982) Macropores and water flow in soils. Water Resour Res 18:1311–1325
Brooks RH, Corey AT (1964) Hydraulic properties of porous media. Hydrology Paper No 3. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, p 27
Brunt D (1932) Notes on radiation in the atmosphere. I. QJ R Met Soc 58:389–420
Choudbury BJ, Idso SB (1985) Evaluating plant and canopy resistance of field grown wheat from concurrent diurnal observations of leaf water potential, stomatal resistances, canopy temperature and evapotranspiration flux. Agric For Meteorol 34:67–76
Flink M, Pettersson R, Andrén O (1995) Growth dynamic of winter wheat in the field with daily fertilization and irrigation. J Agron Crop Sci (in press)
Hansson A-C, Steen E, Andrén O (1992) Root growth of daily irrigated and fertilized barley investigated with ingrowth cores, soil cores and minirhizotrons. Swedish J Agric Res 22:141–152
Harmsen K (1984) Nitrogen fertilizer use in rainfed agriculture. Fertil Res 5:371–382
Impens I, Lemeur R (1969) Extinction of net radiation in different crop canopies. Archiv Geoph Biokl Ser B, 17:403–412
Ingestad T (1982) Relative addition rate and external concentration: driving variables used in plant nutrition research. Plant Cell Environm 5:443–453
Ingestad T (1988) A fertilization model based on the concepts of nutrient flux density and nutrient productivity. Scand J For Res 3:157–173
Jansson P-E (1991) Soil water and heat model. Technical description. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Hydrotechnics, Uppsala. Report 165, p 72
Jansson P-E, Halldin S (1979) Model for the annual water and heat flow in a layered soil. In: Halldin S (ed) Comparison of forest and Energy Exchange Models. Int Soc For Ecol Modelling, Copenhagen, p 145–163
Jarvis N (1991) MACRO — A Model of Water Movement and Solute Transport in Macroporous Soils. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil Science, Uppsala. Report 9, p 58
Jarvis N (1994) The MACRO Model (Version 3.1). Technical Description and Sample Simulations. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil Sciences, Uppsala. Report 19, p 51
Johansson W, Gustafsson E-L, McAfee M (1985) Description of physical properties of twelve cultivated soils. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil Sciences, Uppsala, Report 148, p 66
Johnsson H, Jansson P-E (1991) Water balance and soil moisture dynamics of field plots with barley and grass ley. J Hydrol 129:149–173
Kätterer T, Hansson A-C, Andrén O (1993) Wheat root biomass and nitrogen dynamics — effects of daily irrigation and fertilization. Plant and Soil 151:21–30
Kersten MS (1949) Thermal properties of soils. Inst of Tech, Univ Minnesota, Eng Exp Station Bull 28, Minneapolis, p 226
Monteith JL (1965) Evaporation and the atmosphere. In: Fogg GE (ed) The state and movement of water in living organisms. 19th Symp Soc Exp Biol. The Company of Biologists, Cambridge, p 205–234
Monteith JL, Unsworth MH (1990) Principles of environmental physics. Edward Arnold, London, New York, Melbourne, Auckland, p 291
Mualem Y (1976) A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media. Water Resour Res 12:513–522
Oke TR (1987) Boundary Layers' climate. Methuen, London, pp 12, 138–139
Pettersson R, Andrén O, Végh K (1993) Growth and nutrient uptake of spring barley under different water and nutrient regimes. Swedish J Agric Res 23:171–179
Richards LA (1931) Capillary conduction of liquids in porous mediums. Physics 1:318–333
Rüssel G (1980) Crop evaporation, surface resistance and soil water status. Agric Meteorol 21:213–226
Soil Survey Staff (1987) Keys to Soil Taxonomy (third printing). SMSS technical monograph no. 6, Ithaca, New York, p 280
Van Keulen H, Seligman NG, Gourdiaan (1975) Availability of anions in the growth medium to roots of an actively growing plant. Netherl J Agric Sci 23:131–138
Växtpressen l (1994) Delad kvävegiva — ett inslag i växtnäringsrådgivningen. Hydro Supra AB, Landskrona, Sweden (in Swedish)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kätterer, T., Andrén, O. Measurements and simulations of heat and water balance components in a clay soil cropped with winter wheat under drought stress or daily irrigation and fertilization. Irrig Sci 16, 65–73 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00189162
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00189162