Abstract
Previous work relating flares to evolutionary changes of photospheric solar magnetic fields are reviewed and reinterpreted in the light of recent observations of cancelling magnetic fields. In line-of-sight magnetograms and H-alpha filtergrams from Big Bear Solar Observatory, we confirm the following 3 associations: (a) the occurrence of many flares in the vicinity of emerging magnetic flux regions (Rust, 1974), but only at locations where cancellation has been observed or inferred; (b) the occurrence of flares at sites where the magnetic flux is increasing on one side of a polarity inversion line and concurrently decreasing on the other (Martres et al., 1968; Ribes, 1969); and (c) the occurrence of flares at sites where cancellation is the only observed change in the magnetograms for at least several hours before a flare (Martin, Livi, and Wang, 1985). Because cancellation (or the localized decrease in the line-of-sight component of magnetic flux) is the only common factor in all of these circumstances, suggest that cancellation is the more general association that includes the other associations as special cases. We propose the hypothesis that cancellation is a necessary, evolutionary precondition for flares. We also confirm the observation of Martin, Livi, and Wang (1985) that the initial parts of flares occur in close proximity to cancellation sites but that during later phases, the flare emission can spread to other parts of the magnetic field that are weak, strong, or not cancelling.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dizer, M.: 1969, Solar Phys. 10, 416.
Gaizauskas, V. and Švestka, Z.: 1987, Solar Phys. 114, 389.
Harvey, J. H. and Harvey, K. L.: 1973, Solar Phys. 28, 61.
Livi, S. H. B., Wang, J., and Martin, S. F.: 1985, Australian J. Phys. 38, 855.
Marsh, K.: 1978, Solar Phys. 59, 105.
Martin, S. F.: 1980, Solar Phys. 68, 217.
Martin, S. F.: 1984, S. Keil (ed.), Small-Scale Dynamic Processes in Quiet Stellar Atmospheres, p. 30.
Martin, S. F.: 1986, Coronal and Prominence Plasmas, NASA Conf. Publ. 2442, p. 73.
Martin, S. F.: 1988, Solar Phys. 117, 243.
Martin, S. F., Livi, S. H. B., and Wang, J.: 1985, Australian J. Phys. 38, 929.
Martin, S. F., Dezsö, L., Antalová, A. Kučera, A., and Harvey, K. L.: 1983, Adv. Space Res. 2, 39.
Martin, S. F., Bentley, R. D., Schadee, A., Antalová, A., Kučera, A., Dezsö, L., Gesztelyi, L., Harvey, K. L., Jones, H., Livi, S. H. B., and Wang, J.: 1984, Adv. Space Res. 4, 61.
Martin, S. F., Livi, S. H. B., Wang, J. and Shi, Z.: 1985, Measurements of Vector Magnetic Fields, NASA Conf. Publ. 2374, May 1984, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama, NASA, Washington, DC, p. 403.
Martres, M. J., Michard, R., and Soru-Iscovici, I.: 1966, Ann. Astrophys. 29, 249.
Martres, M. J., Michard, R., Soru-Iscovici, I., and Tsap, T.: 1968, in K. O. Kiepenheuer (ed.), ‘Structure and Development of Solar Active Regions’, IAU Symp. 35, 318.
Martres, M. J., Michard, R., Soru-Iscovici, I., and Tsap, T.: 1968b, Solar Phys. 5, 187.
Michard, R.: 1971, in R. F. Howard (ed.), ‘Solar Magnetic Fields’, IAU Symp. 43, 359.
Priest, E. R., Gaizauskas, V., Hagyard, M. J., Schmahl, E. J., and Webb, D. F.: 1986, Energetic Phenomena on the Sun, NASA Conf. Publ. 2439, pp. 1–1 to 1–79.
Ribes, E.: 1969, Astron. Astrophys. 2, 316.
Rust, D. M.: 1972, Solar Phys. 25, 141.
Rust, D. M.: 1974, Flare-Related Magnetic Field Dynamics, HAO Conference held in Boulder, Colorado, p. 243.
Severny, A. B.: 1958, Izv. Krymsk. Astrofiz. Obs. 20, 22.
Severny, A. B.: 1960, Izv. Krymsk. Astrofiz. Obs. 22, 12.
Smith, S. F. and Howard, R. F.: 1968, in K. O. Kiepenheuer (ed.), ‘Structure and Development of Solar Active Regions’, IAU Symp. 35, 33.
Smith, S. F. and Ramsey, H.: 1967, Solar Phys. 2, 158.
Tanaka, K.: 1975, Solar Phys. 47, 247.
Vorpahl, J.: 1973, Solar Phys. 28, 115.
Zirin, H.: 1988, Astrophysics of the Sun, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 343.
Zirin, H. and Lazareff, B.: 1975, Solar Phys. 41, 425.
Zirin, H. and Liggett, M. A.: 1987, Solar Phys. 113, 267.
Zwaan, C: 1987, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25, 83.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Livi, S.H.B., Martin, S., Wang, H. et al. The association of flares to cancelling magnetic features on the sun. Sol Phys 121, 197–214 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00161696
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00161696