Conclusion
This study provides empirical tests for the effects of rate base regulation, curtailment priorities, fuel clauses, and elected commissioners on firm/interruptible gas pricing patterns. These regulations do alter observed pricing patterns with curtailment priorities, fuel clauses, and elected commissioners all producing net social gains. Rate of return regulation imposes social costs resulting in a net decrease in social welfare. Ignoring the political influences upon regulators, regulation generally encourages consumption at the peak relative to the off-peak. Nonetheless, overall social welfare is improved if all four types of regulatory characteristics are present, since most rates are reduced from their monopoly levels.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Gas Association. 1977. Gas Facts. Arlington, Virginia.
American Gas Association. 1978. Gas Rate Fundamentals. Arlington, Virginia.
Anderson, P.J., and J.R. Welder. 1985. “LNG Peakshaving Plant Costs Update.” Paper presented at Distribution/Transmission Conference, American Gas Association, Boston, MA (May).
Atkinson, S.E., and R. Halvorsen. 1980. “A Test of Relative and Absolute Price Efficiency in Regulated Utilities.” Review of Economics and Statistics 62 (February): 81–88.
Atkinson, S.E., and R., Halvorsen. 1984. “Parametric Efficiency Tests, Economies of Scale, and Input Demand in U.S. Electric Power Generation.” International Economic Review 25 (October): 647–62.
Averch, H., and L.L. Johnson. 1962. “Behavior of the Firm Under Regulatory Constraint.” American Economic Review 52 (December): 1052–69.
Bailey, E.E. 1973. Economic Theory of Regulatory Constraint. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Bailey, E.E. 1972. “Peak Load Pricing Under Regulatory Constraint.” Journal of Political Economy 80 (July/August): 662–79.
Barnett, W.A., Y.W. Lee, and M.D. Wolfe. 1985. “The Three-Dimensional Global Properties of the Miniflex Laurent, Generalized Leontieff, and Translog Flexible Functional Forms.” Journal of Econometrics 30:3–31.
Baumol, W.J., and D.F. Bradford. 1970. “Optional Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing.” American Economic Review 60 (June): 265–283.
Bierlein, J.G., J.W. Dunn, and J.C. McConnon, Jr., “The Demand for Electricity and Natural Gas in the Northeastern U.S.” Review of Economics and Statistics 63:403-408.
Blaydon, C.C., W A. Magat, and C. Thomas. 1979. “Marginal Cost and Rate Structure Design for Retail Sales of Natural Gas”. In Problems in Public Utility Economics and Regulation, edited by M.A. Crew. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Caves, D.W., L.R. Christensen, and M.W. Tretheway. 1980. “Flexible Cost Functions for Multi-product Firms.” Review of Economics and Statistics 62 (August): 477–81.
Christensen, L.R., and D.W. Jorgensen. 1969. “ The Measurement of U.S. Real Capital Input, 1929–1967. ” Review of Income and Wealth (December): 293–320.
Commerce Clearinghouse. 1976. State Tax Handbook. Washington, D.C.
Crew, M.A., Editor. 1980. Issues in Public-Utility Pricing and Regulation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Crew, M.A., and P.R. Kleindorfer. 1979. Public Utility Economics. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Crew, M.A., and P.R. Kleindorfer. 1981. “Regulation and Diverse Technology in the Peak Load Problem.” Southern Economic Journal 48 (October): 335–343.
Dukes, W.W. 1967; 1968. “ Practical Peak Shaving Economics for Gas Distribution Companies.” American Gas Journal (December; January): 28–32; 43–48.
Economic Report of the President. 1976. Washington, D.C.
Edison Electric Institute. 1976. Statistical Yearbook of the Electric Utility Industry for 1976. Washington, D.C.
Filer, J.E., and D.R., Hollas. 1983. “Empirical Tests for the Effect of Regulation on Firm and Interruptible Gas Service.” Southern Economic Journal 50 (July): 195–205.
Guldman, J. 1983. “Modeling the Structure of Gas Distribution Costs in Urban Areas.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 13:299–316.
Halvorsen, R. 1976. “Demand for Electric Energy in the United States.” Southern Economic Journal 42 (April): 610–625.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1977. Brown's Directory of North American Gas Companies. Duluth, Minnesota.
Hayashi, P.M., M. Sevier, and J.M. Trapani. 1985. “Pricing Efficiency Under Rate-of-Return Regulation: Some Empirical Evidence From the Electric Utility Industry.” Southern Economic Journal 52 (January): 776–792.
Hollas, D.R., and S.R. Stansell. 1988. “An Examination of the Effect of Ownership Form on Price Efficiency: Proprietary, Cooperative and Municipal Electric Utilities.” Southern Economic Journal 55 (October): 336–350.
Hollas, D.R., and S.R. Stansell. Forthcoming. “Regulation, Interfirm Rivalry and the Economic Efficiency of Natural Gas Distribution Utilities”. Quarterly Review of Economics and Business.
Jorgenson, D.W., and D.T. Slesnick. 1985. “Efficiency Versus Equity in Natural Gas Price Regulation.” Journal of Econometrics 30:301–316.
Liu, B. 1983. “ Natural Gas Price Elasticities}.” Energy Economics (July): 195-201.
MacAvoy, P.W. 1971. “The Regulation-Induced Shortage of Natural Gas.” Journal of Law and Economics 14 (April): 167–199.
Masten, S.E., and K.J. Crocker. 1985. “Efficient Adaptation in Long-Term Contracts: Take-or-Pay Provisions for Natural Gas.” American Economic Review 75 (December): 1083–93.
Moody's Investors Service. 1977. Moody's Public Utility Manual. New York.
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners. 1976. Annual Report on Utility and Carrier Regulation. Washington, D.C.
National Coal Association. 1977. Steam Electric Plant Factors. Washington, D.C.
Nelson, W.L. 1978. “ Refining Construction Costs Shows Modest Gains.” Oil and Gas Journal (January 30): pp193.
Nelson, W.L. 1976. “ What Do Gas-Processing Plants Cost? ” Oil and Gas Journal (May 17): 156–58.
Panos, P.S. 1966. “ Comparative Economics of LNG Facilities.” Pipe Line Industry (August): 32–35.
Peltzman, S. 1976. “Toward a More General Theory of Regulation.” Journal of Law and Economics 19 (August): 211–240.
Pollak, R.A., R.C. Sickles, and T.J. Wales. 1984. “The CES-Translog: Specification and Estimation of a New Cost Function.” Review of Economics and Statistics 66 (November): 602–7.
Primeaux, W.S., J.E. Filer, R.S. Herren, and D.R. Hollas. 1984. “Determinants of Regulatory Policies Toward Competition in the Electric Utility Industry.” Public Choice 43:173–86.
Ray, D., and R. Stevenson. 1980. “Measuring The Potential Impacts From Lifeline Pricing of Electricity and Natural-Gas Sales”. In Issues In Public Utility Pricing and Regulation, edited by M.A. Crew. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Shephard, R.W. 1970. Theory of Cost and Production Functions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Standard and Poor. 1976. Utility Compustat II Tape.
Stigler, G.J. 1971. “The Theory of Economic Regulation.” Bell Journal of Economics 2 (Spring): 3–21.
“U.S. and Canadian LNG Peakshaving Facilities.” 1976. Pipeline and Gas Journal (November): 20–22.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1976. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1976. Steam-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1977. Monthly Energy Review (December). Washington, D.C.
U.S. Federal Power Commission. 1976. Typical Electric Bills. Washington, D.C.
Zellner, A. 1962. “An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 57 (December): 977–992.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hollas, D.R. Firm/interruptible gas pricing patterns in a regulated environment. J Regul Econ 1, 47–67 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00150297
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00150297