Summary
A program package, GREEN, has been developed that enables docking studies between ligand molecules and a protein molecule. Based on the structure of the protein molecule, the physical and chemical environment of the ligand-binding site is expressed as three-dimensional grid-point data. The grid-point data are used for the real-time evaluation of the protein-ligand interaction energy, as well as for the graphical representation of the binding-site environment. The interactive docking operation is facilitated by various built-in functions, such as energy minimization, energy contribution analysis and logging of the manipulation trajectory. Interactive modeling functions are incorporated for designing new ligand molecules while considering the binding-site environment and the protein-ligand interaction. As an example of the application of GREEN, a docking study is presented on the complex between trypsin and a synthetic trypsin inhibitor. The program package will be useful for rational drug design, based on the 3D structure of the target protein.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Pattabiraman, N., Levitt, M., Ferrin, T.E. and Langridge, R., J. Comput. Chem., 6 (1985) 432.
Goodford, P.J., J. Med. Chem., 28 (1985) 849.
Tomioka, N. and Itai, A., In Abstracts of Papers, 6th Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1984, p. 105.
Tomioka, N., Itai, A. and Iitaka, Y., In Iitaka, Y. and Itai, A. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Three-Dimensional Structures and Drug Design, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1987, pp. 186–194.
Tomioka, N., Itai, A. and Iitaka, Y., J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 1 (1987) 197.
Weiner, S.J., Kollman, P.A., Case, D.A., Singh, U.C., Ghio, C., Alagona, G., Profeta Jr., S. and Weiner, P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106 (1984) 765.
Weiner, S.J., Kollman, P.A., Nguyen, D.T. and Case, D.A., J. Comput. Chem., 7 (1986) 230.
Taylor, R. and Kennard, O., Ace. Chem. Res., 17 (1984) 320.
Murray-Rust, P. and Glusker, J.P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106 (1984) 1018.
Baker, E.N. and Hubbard, R.E., Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 44 (1984) 97.
Vedani, A. and Dunitz, J.D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 107 (1985) 7653.
Bernstein, F.C., Koetzle, T.F., Williams, G.J.B., Meyer, E.F., Brice, M.D., Rodgers, J.R., Kennard, O., Shimanouchi, T. and Tasumi, M., J. Mol. Biol., 112 (1977) 535.
Allen, F.H., Bellard, S., Brice, M.D., Cartwright, B.A., Doubleday, A., Higgs, H., Hummelink, T., Hummelink-Peters, B.G., Kennard, O., Motherwell, W.D.S., Rodgers, J.R. and Watson, D.G., Acta Crystallogr., B 35 (1979) 2331.
Stewart, J.J.P., J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 4 (1990) 1.
Stroud, R.M., Kay, L.M. and Dickerson, R.E., J. Mol. Biol., 83 (1974) 185.
Fehlhammer, H. and Bode, W., J. Mol. Biol., 98 (1975) 683.
Tanizawa, K., Kasaba, Y. and Kanaoka, Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99 (1977) 4485.
Sprang, S., Standing, T., Fletterick, R.J., Stroud, R.M., Finner-Moore, J., Xuong, N.-H., Hamlin, R., Rutter, W.J. and Craik, C.S., Science, 237 (1987) 905.
Weiner, S.J., Seibel, G.L. and Kollman, P.A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83 (1986) 649.
Nochi, S., Shimomura, N., Hattori, T., Sato, T., Miyake, Y. and Tanizawa, K., Ch Pharm. Bull., 37 (1989) 2855.
Marquart, M., Walter, J., Deisenhofer, J., Bode, W. and Huber, R., Acta Crystallogr., B 39 (1983) 480.
Yamada, M. and Itai, A., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 41 (1993) 1200.
Yamada, M. and Itai, A., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 41 (1993) 1203.
Goodsell, D.S. and Olson, A.J., Protein Struct. Funct. Genet., 8 (1990) 195.
Jiang, F. and Kim, S.-H., J. Mol. Biol., 219 (1991) 79.
Leach, A.R. and Kuntz, I.D., J. Comput. Chem., 13 (1992) 730.
Connolly, M.L., J. Appl. Crystallogr., 16 (1983) 548.
Meng, E.C., Shoichet, B.K. and Kuntz, I.D., J. Comput. Chem., 13 (1992) 505.
Rotstein, S.H. and Murcko, M.A., J. Med. Chem., 36 (1993) 1700.
Van Gunsteren, W.F. and Berendsen, H.J.C., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 29 (1990) 992.
Nishibata, Y. and Itai, A., Tetrahedron, 47 (1991) 8985.
Nishibata, Y. and Itai, A., J. Med. Chem., 36 (1993) 2921.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tomioka, N., Itai, A. GREEN: A program package for docking studies in rational drug design. J Computer-Aided Mol Des 8, 347–366 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00125372
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00125372