Supernumerary chromosomes form bivalents during female meiosis in the tsetse fly and it is suggested that this is a control mechanism for their retention in the population. Chiasmata regularly form in the autosome and X chromosome bivalents.
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Davies, E.D.G., Southern, D.I. Female meiosis in two species of tsetse fly (Genus Glossina). Genetica 47, 173–175 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123237
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123237