Perpetuation of the hereditary sigma virus in populations of its host, Drosophila melanogaster. Geographical analysis of correlated polymorphisms

Abstract

In natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, about 10% of the individuals are infected by a virus, sigma, which is not contagious but is transmitted through gametes. These populations are also regularly polymorphic for two alleles, O and P, of a locus ref(2)P; the P allele interferes with the multiplication of the virus. Two viral Types are found in populations, differing in their sensitivity to the P allele. Many samples of flies have been collected in different parts of the world and for each of them, the P frequency has been measured and the viral Type determined. A clear geographical differentiation appears for both these traits; they present a mutual adaptation leading to relatively low frequencies of infected flies in natural populations. Most viruses are only known from highly selected laboratory strains. The observations reported in this paper give evidence of the self restraint exercised by the sigma virus at the population level; they indicate that the characteristics of wild viral clones are likely to differ from those of laboratory strains and also from one population to another.

The sigma virus is comparable to other genetical elements, that can be more efficiently transmitted than a mendelian allele, such as transposable elements. The discussion illustrates some of the factors involved in the perpetuation of such elements in a population and points out the difficulty of taking them all into consideration in theoretical models dealing with their perpetuation.