Abstract
The Personal Orientation Inventory was administered before and after training to four groups undergoing postgraduate training in school counseling (n = 11, and n = 12) and high school teaching (n = 9, and n = 9). Both groups of counselors increased their scores during training on the Time Competence and Inner-Directed scales, but the changes were significant with the latter scale only. Testing the counselors one year after the completion of the formal coursework revealed that the significant gains on the Inner-Directed scale persisted. Neither of the groups of teachers increased their scores on either of the scales following training. It is argued that the critical difference between the training of the teachers and the counselors was the latter's extensive involvement in a training group, and it is tentatively postulated that this experience was a cause of the gains in scores over time.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Belkin, G.S. (1975). Practical counseling in the schools. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
Bloxom, B. (1972). Personal Orientation Inventory. In Buros, O.K. (Ed.), The seventh mental measurement yearbook, Vol. 1. Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon, pp. 290–292.
Brammer, L.M. (1973). The helping relationship: process and skills. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.
Braun, J.R., and La, Faro, D. (1969). A further study of the fakability of the Personal Orientation Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25:296–299.
Carkhuff, R., and Berenson, G. (1967). Beyond counseling and therapy. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Foreman, M.E. (1967). T groups: Their implications for counselor supervision and preparation. Counselor Education and Supervision, 7:48–53.
Foulds, M.L. (1969). Self-actualization and the communication of facilitative conditions during counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 16:132–136.
Foulds, M.L., and Warehime, R.G. (1971). Effects of a ‘fake good’ response set on a measure of self-actualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 18:279–280.
Graff, R.W., and Bradshaw, A.E. (1970). Relationship of a measure of self-actualization to dormitory assistant effectiveness. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 17:502–505.
Manthei, R.J. (1980). Use of training groups in counselor education. New Zealand Counseling and Guidance Association Journal, 3:50–58.
Mazer, G.E. (1969). Attitude and personality change in student teachers of disadvan aged youth. Journal of Educational Research, 63:116–120.
Maynard, P.E., and Long, J.V. (1976). Group training for counselor-a one-year follow-up. Counselor Education and Supervision, 15: 225–228.
Nelson-Jones, R. (1974). Some thoughts on counsellor training. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 2:182–190.
Prescott, M.R., Cavatta, J.C., and Rollins, K.D. (1977). The fakability of the Personal Orientation Inventory. Counselor Education and Supervision, 17:116–120.
Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of psychotherapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21:95–103.
Selfridge, F.F., Abramowitz, S.I., Abramowitz, C.V., Weitz, L.J., Calabria, F.M., and Steger, J.A. (1975). Sensitivity-oriented versus didactically oriented in-service counselor training. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22:156–159.
Selfridge, F.F., and Vander Kolk, C. (1976). Correlates of counselor self-actualization and client-perceived facilitativeness. Counselor Education and Supervision, 15:189–194.
Shostrom, E.L. (1966). Manual, Personal Orientation Inventory. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
Stevens, J.O. (1971). Awareness: Exploring, experimenting, experiencing. New York: Bantam Books.
Truax, C.B., and Lister, J.L. (1970). Effectiveness of counselors and counselor aids. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 17:331–334.
Weinrach, S.G., and Knapp, R.R. (1976). Level of school counselor actualizing and student perception of guidance services: Further validation of the Personal Orientation Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 36:501–504.
Winer, B.J. (1971). Statistical principles in experimental design, 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manthei, R.J., Tuck, B.F. Effects of training on New Zealand school counselors as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory. Int J Adv Counselling 3, 257–264 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115122
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115122