Abstract
Variation or rearrangement of regulatory genes is responsible for cellular malignant change. These types of chromosomal variations also produce heterochrony or paedomorphic evolution at the organismal level. Analogously, neoplasia represents a cellular ‘macroevolutionary’ event, and a tumour can be said to be an evolved population of cells. To understand this cellular evolution to malignancy, it may be necessary to go beyond a ‘clonal selection’ (adaptationist) explanation of neoplastic alteration. In the pericellular environment ‘natural selection’ consists of the organizational restraints of surrounding cells as well as the host's immunological surveillance and non-specific monocyte-macrophage systems. Indirect evidence suggests that success for the neoplasm depends not upon ‘clonal selection’, but solely upon a genetic methodology—the function of which is to elude selection.
The author has coined the term ‘cellular heterochrony’ to illustrate analogic similarities in the molecular modes of speciation between anaplastic cancer cells and the heterochronic evolution of organisms. By reverting to a juvenile (embryonic) repertoire of cellular behaviour a tumour secures its own tenure or niche by usurping the host's armamentarium of selection forces, employing many of the same or similar methods by which implanting and invading tissues of the mammalian embryo forestall maternal detection and rejection. A number of ways by which the tumour blocks, subverts or evades selection are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ayala, F. (1974). Biological evolution: natural selection or random walk. - Amer. Scientist 2, pp. 692–701.
Bolk, L. (1923). The problem of orthognathism. - Proc. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, Section Sci. 25, pp. 371–380.
Britten, R.J. and Davidson, E.H. (1969). Gene regulation for higher cells: a theory. - Science 165, pp. 349–357.
Burnet, F.M. (1978). Cancer: somatic-genetic considerations. - Adv. Can. Res. 28, pp. 1–29.
Dexter, D.L., Hager, J.C. and Calabrei, P. (1979). Clinical and pharmacological implications of cancer cell differentiation and heterogeneity. - Bioch. Pharm. 28, pp. 1933–1941.
Dexter, D.L. and Heppner, G.H. (1980). Maturation of tumour cells using a human colon carcinoma model. - Cancer 45, pp. 1178–1184.
Dvorak, H.F. et al. (1979). Induction of a fibin-gel investment: an early event in line 10 hepatocarcinoma growth mediated by tumour-secreted products. - J. Imm. 122, pp. 166–174.
Garstang, W. (1922). The theory of recapitulation: a critical restatement of biogenetic law. - Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool. 35, pp. 81–101.
Gould, S.J. (1977). Ontogeny and phylogeny. - Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.
Hecht, F. (1977). Chromosomes and genes in human cancer cells; multidisciplinary approaches. - Chromosomes Today 6, pp. 177–198.
Horrobin, D. (1980). The reversibility of cancer: the relevance of cyclic AMP, calcium, essential fatty acids, and prostaglandin E1. - Med. Hypoth. 6, pp. 469–486.
Huxley, J. (1956). Cancer biology 1. Comparative and genetic. - Biol. Rev. 31, pp. 474–514.
Kimura, M. (1979). The neutral theory of molecular evolution. - Sci. Amer. 241, pp. 98–126.
Levan, G. and Mittelman, F. (1977). Chromosomes and the etiology of cancer. - Chromosomes Today 6, pp. 130–146.
Markert, C. (1978). Cancer: the survival of the fittest. In: G.F. Saunders, ed., Cell differentiation and neoplasia. - New York, Raven Press.
Ohno, S. (1970). Evolution by gene duplication. - New York, Springer Verlag.
Stevens, L.C. (1975). Developmental biology of teratomas in mice. In: W. Mc Maxon, ed., Developmental biology. - California, W.A. Benjamin.
Terzi, M. (1974). Genetics and the animal cell. - London, John Wiley & Sons.
Thoday, J.M. (1975). Non-Darwinian ‘evolution’ and biological progress. - Nature 255, pp. 675–677.
Uriel, J. (1979). Retrodifferentiation and the fetal patterns of gene expression in cancer. - Adv. Can. Res. 29, 127–174.
Uriel, J. (1975). Fetal characteristics of cancer. In: E. Becker, ed., Cancer: a comprehensive treatise. - New York, Plenum Press.
Uriel, J. and Berges, J. (1979). Rat liver: an experimental model of cell retrodifferentiation. - Protides of the Biol. Fluids. 27th. Coll. pp. 123–128.
Wilson, A.C., Sarich, V.M. and Maxson, L.R. (1974). The importance of gene rearrangement in evolution: evidence from studies on rates of chromosomal, protein, and anatomical evolution. - Nat. Acad. Sci. 71 (8), pp. 3028–3030.
Wilson, A. C., Carlson, S. S. and White, T. J. (1977). Biochemical evolution. - Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46, pp. 573–639.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pearson, R.D. Tumourigenesis: the subterfuge of selection. Acta Biotheor 30, 171–176 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047008
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047008