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Cultivation of halophilic archaea (class Halobacteria) from thalassohaline and athalassohaline environments

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Abstract

As a group, the halophilic archaea (class Halobacteria) are the most salt-requiring and salt-resistant microorganisms within the domain Archaea. Halophilic archaea flourish in thalassohaline and athalassohaline environments and require over 100–150 g/L NaCl for growth and structural stability. Natural hypersaline environments vary in salt concentration, chemical composition and pH, and occur in climates ranging from tropical to polar and even under-sea. Accordingly, their resident haloarchaeal species vary enormously, as do their individual population compositions and community structures. These diverse halophilic archaeal strains are precious resources for theoretical and applied research but assessing their taxonomic and metabolic novelty and diversity in natural environments has been technically difficult up until recently. Environmental DNA-based high-throughput sequencing technology has now matured sufficiently to allow inexpensive recovery of massive amounts of sequence data, revealing the distribution and community composition of halophilic archaea in different hypersaline environments. While cultivation of haloarchaea is slow and tedious, and only recovers a fraction of the natural diversity, it is the conventional means of describing new species, and provides strains for detailed study. As of the end of May 2020, the class Halobacteria contains 71 genera and 275 species, 49.8% of which were first isolated from the marine salt environment and 50.2% from the inland salt environment, indicating that both thalassohaline and athalassohaline environments contain diverse halophilic archaea. However, there remain taxa that have not yet been isolated in pure culture, such as the nanohaloarchaea, which are widespread in the salt environment and may be one of the hot spots in the field of halophilic archaea research in the future. In this review, we focus on the cultivation strategies that have been used to isolate extremely halophilic archaea and point out some of the pitfalls and challenges.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31770005, 32070003) and the National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (No. 2017FY100302, 2019FY100700).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China

    Heng-Lin Cui

  2. Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia

    Mike L. Dyall-Smith

  3. Computational Biology Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany

    Mike L. Dyall-Smith

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HLC conceived the idea to this work and wrote the manuscript, and MDS improved the manuscript.

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SPECIAL TOPIC: Cultivation of uncultured microorganisms.

Edited by Chengchao Chen.

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Cui, HL., Dyall-Smith, M.L. Cultivation of halophilic archaea (class Halobacteria) from thalassohaline and athalassohaline environments. Mar Life Sci Technol 3, 243–251 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-020-00087-3

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