Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Analysis of Urban Expansion and its Impacts on Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Using RS and GIS, A Case Study in Xi’an City, China

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Earth Systems and Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study aims to explain the impacts of urban expansion on land surface temperature and vegetation of Xi’an City, China using integrated techniques of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS). Urbanization is one of the potential driving factors for land use/land cover (LULC) change, vegetation decrease, and land surface temperature (LST) increase. To access information about the spatial and temporal land cover change, the use of two essential sources RS and GIS is indispensable. This study focuses on LULC changes in six districts of Xi’an City, China for the last three decades (1987–2018) using Landsat satellite images. The images from Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) of Landsat satellite are utilized. The results are as follows: (1) Xi’an experienced strong urbanization over the last 30 years with an increase of 69.6% in the urban area. The urban expansion pattern from 1987 to 2002 is alternate infilling and edge expansion in central districts, while from 2002 to 2018 is dominantly edge expansion toward outer districts. (2) Urbanization has negative effects on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); from 2002 to 2018 vegetation cover has decreased sharply in outer districts of Xi’an. (3) There is a synergetic relationship between urban expansion and LST. (4) The correlation between LST and NDVI is strongly negative, which indicates vegetation can relieve the effects of LST to some extent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdelkareem OEA, Elamin HMA, Eltahir MES, Adam HE, Elhaja ME, Rahamtalla AM, Babatunde O, Elmar C (2018) Accuracy assessment of land use land cover in umabdalla natural reserved forest, South Kordofan, Sudan

  • Almazroui M, Mashat A, Assiri ME, Butt MJ (2017) Application of landsat data for urban growth monitoring in Jeddah. Earth Syst Environ 1(2):25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai G, Ren H, Yang L, Zhang N, Du M, Wu C (2019) Detailed urban land use land cover classification at the metropolitan scale using a three-layer classification scheme. Sensors 19(14):3120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen W, Zhang Y, Pengwang C, Gao W (2017) Evaluation of urbanization dynamics and its impacts on surface heat islands: a case study of Beijing. China Remote Sens 9(5):453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cui L, Shi J (2012) Urbanization and its environmental effects in Shanghai, China. Urban Clim 2:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daramola MT, Eresanya EO, Ishola KA (2018) Assessment of the thermal response of variations in land surface around an urban area. Model Earth Syst Environ 4(2):535–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DESA U (2018) 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

  • Fan X, Liu Y (2017) A comparison of NDVI intercalibration methods. Int J Remote Sens 38(19):5273–5290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fatemi M, Narangifard M (2019) Monitoring LULC changes and its impact on the LST and NDVI in District 1 of Shiraz City. Arab J Geosci 12(4):127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gui X, Wang L, Yao R, Yu D (2019) Investigating the urbanization process and its impact on vegetation change and urban heat island in Wuhan, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(30):30808–30825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hameed SA, Ahmed SR, Liaqut A, Younes I, Sadaf R (2019) Analytical review of land use changes by remote sensing and GIS techniques in district Gujrat, Pakistan. Intern J Econ Environ Geol 10(2):118–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamei Y, Rajagopalan P, Sun QC (2019) Spatial structure of surface urban heat island and its relationship with vegetation and built-up areas in Melbourne, Australia. Sci Total Environ 659:1335–1351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson L (2015) Evaluation of pixel based and object based classification methods for land cover mapping with high spatial resolution satellite imagery, in the Amazonas, Brazil. Student thesis series INES

  • Kaye JP, Groffman PM, Grimm NB, Baker LA, Pouyat RV (2006) A distinct urban biogeochemistry? Trends Ecol Evol 21(4):192–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Keukelaere L, Sterckx S, Adriaensen S, Knaeps E, Reusen I, Giardino C, Bresciani M, Hunter P, Neil C, Van der Zande D, Vaiciute D (2018) Atmospheric correction of Landsat-8/OLI and Sentinel-2/MSI data using iCOR algorithm: validation for coastal and inland waters. Euro J Remote Sens 51(1):525–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari B, Tayyab M, Mallick J, Khan MF, Rahman A (2018) Satellite-driven land surface temperature (LST) using Landsat 5, 7 (TM/ETM + SLC) and Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) data and its association with built-up and green cover over urban Delhi, India. Remote Sens Earth Syst Sci 1(3–4):63–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Liu L, Dong X (2011) Quantitative analysis of urban expansion using RS and GIS, a case study in Lanzhou. J Urban Plan Develop 137(4):459–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang S, Fang H, Morisette JT, Chen M, Shuey CJ, Walthall CL, Daughtry CS (2002) Atmospheric correction of Landsat ETM+ land surface imagery. II Validation and applications. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 40(12):2736–2746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liaqut A, Younes I, Sadaf R, Zafar H (2019) Impact of urbanization growth on land surface temperature using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Gujranwala City, Punjab, Pakistan. Intern J Econ Environ Geol 9(3):44–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu K, Zhang X, Li X, Jiang H (2014) Multiscale analysis of urban thermal characteristics: case study of Shijiazhuang. China J Appl Remote Sens 8(1):083649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik MS, Shukla JP, Mishra S (2019) Relationship of LST, NDBI and NDVI using Landsat-8 data in Kandaihimmat Watershed, Hoshangabad, India

  • Misni A (2018) Vegetation produce an extensive cooling effect. Asian J Qual Life 3(10):179–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nor ANM, Corstanje R, Harris JA, Brewer T (2017) Impact of rapid urban expansion on green space structure. Ecol Ind 81:274–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purevtseren M, Tsegmid B, Indra M, Sugar M (2018) The fractal geometry of urban land use: the case of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. Land 7(2):67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy DP, Kovalskyy V, Zhang HK, Vermote EF, Yan L, Kumar SS, Egorov A (2016) Characterization of Landsat-7 to Landsat-8 reflective wavelength and normalized difference vegetation index continuity. Remote Sens Environ 185:57–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rwanga SS, Ndambuki JM (2017) Accuracy assessment of land use/land cover classification using remote sensing and GIS. Int J Geosci 8(4):611–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salmond JA, Tadaki M, Vardoulakis S, Arbuthnott K, Coutts A, Demuzere M, Dirks KN, Heaviside C, Lim S, Macintyre H, McInnes RN (2016) Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment. Environ Health 15(1):95–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seto KC, Güneralp B, Hutyra LR (2012) Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(40):16083–16088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su W, Gu C, Yang G (2010) Assessing the impact of land use/land cover on urban heat island pattern in Nanjing City, China. J Urban Plan Dev 136(4):365–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villaescusa-Nadal JL, Franch B, Roger JC, Vermote EF, Skakun S, Justice C (2019) Spectral adjustment model’s analysis and application to remote sensing data. IEEE J Sel Topics Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 12(3):961–972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XR, Hui ECM, Choguill C, Jia SH (2015) The new urbanization policy in China: which way forward? Habitat Intern 47:279–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong Y, Huang S, Chen F, Ye H, Wang C, Zhu C (2012) The impacts of rapid urbanization on the thermal environment: a remote sensing study of Guangzhou. South China Remote Sens 4(7):2033–2056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi SM, Akbari A, Abu Samah A, Kong NS, Gisen A, Isabella J (2017) Landsat-5 time series analysis for land use/land cover change detection using NDVI and semi-supervised classification techniques. Pol J Environ Stud 26(6):2833–2840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Zhong T, Feng X, Wang K (2009) Estimation of the relationship between vegetation patches and urban land surface temperature with remote sensing. Int J Remote Sens 30(8):2105–2118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Wu L, Yuan F, Dou J, Miao S (2015) Mass human migration and Beijing’s urban heat island during the Chinese New Year holiday. Sci Bull 60(11):1038–1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Liu F, Zhao X, Wang X, Shi L, Xu J, Yu S, Wen Q, Zuo L, Yi L, Hu S (2018) Urban expansion in China based on remote sensing technology: a review. Chin Geogr Sci 28(5):727–743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao CY, Zhang Q, Ding XL, Lu Z, Yang CS, Qi XM (2009) Monitoring of land subsidence and ground fissures in Xian, China 2005–2006: mapped by SAR interferometry. Environ Geol 58(7):1533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Zhu C, Zhao S (2014) Comparing the spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization in moderately developed Chinese cities over the past three decades: Case of Nanjing and Xi’an. J Urban Plan Dev 141(4):05014029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Z (2017) Change detection using landsat time series: a review of frequencies, preprocessing, algorithms, and applications. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 130:370–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Authors would like to thank School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China for assistance.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China: No. 41771198, National Natural Science Foundation of China: No. 41771576, The NSFC-NRF Scientific Cooperation Program: Grant No. 41811540400, Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China: Program No. 2018JM4010, The Fundamental Research Funds For the Central Universities, Shaanxi Normal University: GK201901009.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, Shaanxi, China

    Mohib Ullah & Jing Li

  2. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, Shaanxi, China

    Bilal Wadood

  3. Department of Geology, University of Swabi, Anbar-Swabi, 23561, KPK, Pakistan

    Bilal Wadood

Authors
  1. Mohib Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jing Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bilal Wadood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Mr. Mohib Ullah planned the research, performed data collection, interpretation, and carried out the analysis. He drafted the manuscript and designed the figures and tables. He also developed the theoretical and experimental framework of the research. Jing Li contributed to co-design, directed, and coordinated the research. As a principal supervisor, she provided significant intellectual, conceptual, and technical guidance for all aspects of the research. She also revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual contents. Mr. Bilal Wadood has revised the whole manuscript and addressed the suggestions/corrections recommended by the reviewers, corrected grammatical mistakes, proofreading, and the manuscript format including text, figures, tables, and references. He helped in the interpretation of various technical terms and discussion section.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohib Ullah.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ullah, M., Li, J. & Wadood, B. Analysis of Urban Expansion and its Impacts on Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Using RS and GIS, A Case Study in Xi’an City, China. Earth Syst Environ 4, 583–597 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-020-00166-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-020-00166-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation