Advertisement

3D Printing of Ground Tire Rubber Composites

  • Faez Alkadi
  • Jeongwoo Lee
  • Jun-Seok Yeo
  • Seok-Ho Hwang
  • Jae-Won ChoiEmail author
Regular Paper
First Online:
  • 3 Downloads

Abstract

Recycled tire rubber is an environmentally and economically beneficial material. Ground tire rubber (GTR) as a filler in a polymer matrix was used as an ink material (composite material) for material extrusion in a 3D printing process. The maximum allowable amount of GTR incorporated into the mixture without significantly altering the rheological behavior of the ink was set. Printability investigations revealed that pressure and speed show linear and power relationships, respectively, to the line width for three different amounts of GTR. Moreover, the post-curing time of 30 min at 115 °C was set as the full-cure condition to achieve polymerization of 80% or more for the 3D printed parts. Unidirectional tensile testing demonstrated that 3D printed specimens exhibit no degradation in tensile strength when compared to molded specimens. Moreover, printability and mechanical properties of functionalized GTR were investigated to determine if this material exhibits enhanced mechanical strength. Unidirectional tensile tests show that the maximum tensile strength for specimens with functionalized GTR was 20% higher than in specimens with non-functionalized GTR. In conclusion, 3D printing of GTR composites shows promise for using recycled GTR to create 3D structures with rubber-like properties.

Keywords

3D printing Recycled powder Ground tire rubber Direct-print GTR surface modification 

List of symbols

GTR

Ground tire rubber

PHR

Part per hundred rubber

DP

Direct-print

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

The first author has been financially supported by Jazan University and Saudi Arabian Cultural mission (SACM) during the completion of this work. The authors also would like to thank Mr. Md Omar Faruk Emon at The University of Akron, USA, for providing the tire tread design that was used for the 3D printred tire tread in this study.

References

  1. 1.
    Czajczynska, D., Krzyzynska, R., Jouhara, H., & Spencer, N. (2017). Use of pyrolytic gas from waste tire as a fuel: A review. Energy, 134, 1121–1131. (In Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Adhikari, B., De, D., & Maiti, S. (2000). Reclamation and recycling of waste rubber. Progress in Polymer Science, 25(7), 909–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Fang, Y., Zhan, M. S., & Wang, Y. (2001). The status of recycling of waste rubber. Materials and Design, 22(2), 123–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    De, D., Das, A., Dey, B., Debnath, S. C., & Roy, B. C. (2006). Reclaiming of ground rubber tire (GRT) by a novel reclaiming agent. European Polymer Journal, 42(4), 917–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Wu, B., & Zhou, M. H. (2009). Recycling of waste tyre rubber into oil absorbent. Waste Management, 29(1), 355–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Burford, R., & Pittolo, M. (1982). Characterization and performance of powdered rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 55(5), 1233–1249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Rattanasom, N., Saowapark, T., & Deeprasertkul, C. (2007). Reinforcement of natural rubber with silica/carbon black hybrid filler. Polymer Testing, 26(3), 369–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Stockelhuber, K. W., Svistkov, A. S., Pelevin, A. G., & Heinrich, G. (2011). Impact of filler surface modification on large scale mechanics of styrene butadiene/silica rubber composites. Macromolecules, 44(11), 4366–4381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Rattanasom, N., Poonsuk, A., & Makmoon, T. (2005). Effect of curing system on the mechanical properties and heat aging resistance of natural rubber/tire tread reclaimed rubber blends. Polymer Testing, 24(6), 728–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Segre, N., & Joekes, I. (2000). Use of tire rubber particles as addition to cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(9), 1421–1425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Rattanasom, N., Prasertsri, S., & Ruangritnumchai, T. (2009). Comparison of the mechanical properties at similar hardness level of natural rubber filled with various reinforcing-fillers. Polymer Testing, 28(1), 8–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Sonnier, R., Leroy, E., Clerc, L., Bergeret, A., Lopez-Cuesta, J. M., Bretelle, A. S., et al. (2008). Compatibilizing thermoplastic/ground tyre rubber powder blends: Efficiency and limits. Polymer Testing, 27(7), 901–907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Shanmugharaj, A. M., Kim, J. K., & Ryu, S. H. (2005). UV surface modification of waste tire powder: Characterization and its influence on the properties of polypropylene/waste powder composites. Polymer Testing, 24(6), 739–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Song, X. F., Wang, Z. B., & Wang, B. X. (2016). Mechanical properties, morphology, and Mullins effect of thermoplastic elastomers based on polypropylene and waste ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer powder compatibilized by styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 29(3), 410–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Hernandez, E. H., Gamez, J. F. H., Cepeda, L. F., Munoz, E. J. C., Corral, F. S., Rosales, S. G. S., et al. (2017). Sulfuric acid treatment of ground tire rubber and its effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134, 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Vehseto, M., & Seitz, H. (2014). A new micro-stereolithography-system based on diode laser curing (DLC). International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 15(10), 2161–2166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Weller, C., Kleer, R., & Piller, F. T. (2015). Economic implications of 3D printing: Market structure models in light of additive manufacturing revisited. International Journal of Production Economics, 164, 43–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Prasad, D. (2015). Additive manufacturing—a brief foray into the advancements in manufacturing technologies. International Journal of Advance Industrial Engineering, 3(3), 115–119.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Ho, C. M. B., Ng, S. H., & Yoon, Y. J. (2015). A review on 3D printed bioimplants. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 16(5), 1035–1046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Lee, J., Kim, H. C., Choi, J. W., & Lee, I. H. (2017). A review on 3D printed smart devices for 4D printing. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 4(3), 373–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Wang, X., Jiang, M., Zhou, Z., Gou, J., & Hui, D. (2017). 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective. Composites: Part B, 110, 442–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Chong, S., Chiu, H. L., Liao, Y. C., Hung, S. T., & Pan, G. T. (2015). Cradle to Cradle (R) Design for 3D printing. Pres15, 45, 1669–1674.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Braanker, G., Duwel, J., Flohil, J., & Tokaya, G. (2010). Developing a plastics recycling add-on for the RepRap 3D printer. Delft: Delft University of Technology, Prototyping Lab.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Kreiger, M. A., Mulder, M. L., Glover, A. G., & Pearce, J. M. (2014). Life cycle analysis of distributed recycling of post-consumer high density polyethylene for 3-D printing filament. Journal of Cleaner Production, 70, 90–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Feeley, S. R., Wijnen, B., & Pearce, J. M. (2014). Evaluation of potential fair trade standards for an ethical 3-D printing filament. Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(5), 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Truby, R. L., & Lewis, J. A. (2016). Printing soft matter in three dimensions. Nature, 540(7633), 371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Vatani, M., Engeberg, E. D., & Choi, J. W. (2013). Force and slip detection with direct-write compliant tactile sensors using multi-walled carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Sensors and Actuators a-Physical, 195, 90–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Hon, K. K. B., Li, L., & Hutchings, I. M. (2008). Direct writing technology-Advances and developments. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 57(2), 601–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Agrawal, R., Saxena, N. S., Sharma, K. B., Thomas, S., & Sreekala, M. S. (2000). Activation energy and crystallization kinetics of untreated and treated oil palm fibre reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites. Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 277(1–2), 77–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Li, J. P., de Wijn, J. R., Van Blitterswijk, C. A., & de Groot, K. (2006). Porous Ti6Al4V scaffold directly fabricating by rapid prototyping: Preparation and in vitro experiment. Biomaterials, 27(8), 1223–1235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Chen, C.-P., Li, H.-X., & Ding, H. (2007). Modeling and control of time-pressure dispensing for semiconductor manufacturing. International Journal of Automation and Computing, 4(4), 422–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Vallittu, P. K., Ruyter, I. E., & Buykuilmaz, S. (1998). Effect of polymerization temperature and time on the residual monomer content of denture base polymers. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 106(1), 588–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Miller, J. S., Stevens, K. R., Yang, M. T., Baker, B. M., Nguyen, D. H. T., Cohen, D. M., et al. (2012). Rapid casting of patterned vascular networks for perfusable engineered three-dimensional tissues. Nature Materials, 11(9), 768–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Le, X., Akouri, R., Latassa, A., Passemato, B., Wales, R. (2016). In Mechanical Property Testing and Analysis of 3D Printing Objects, ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. V002T02A059–V002T02A059.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Mirjalili, F., Chuah, L., & Salahi, E. (2014). Mechanical and morphological properties of polypropylene/nano alpha-Al2O3 composites. Scientific World Journal.  https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/718765.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Huang, L., Zhan, R. B., & Lu, Y. F. (2006). Mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of polypropylene/nano-SiO2 composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 25(9), 1001–1012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Kango, S., Kalia, S., Celli, A., Njuguna, J., Habibi, Y., & Kumar, R. (2013). Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic–inorganic nanocomposites—A review. Progress in Polymer Science, 38(8), 1232–1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Zhang, X. X., Zhu, X. Q., Liang, M., & Lu, C. H. (2009). Improvement of the properties of ground tire rubber (GTR)-filled nitrile rubber vulcanizates through plasma surface modification of GTR powder. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 114(2), 1118–1125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Akil, H. M., Lily, N., Abd Razak, J., Ong, H., & Ahmad, Z. A. (2006). Effect of various coupling agents on properties of alumina-filled PP composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 25(7), 745–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  • Faez Alkadi
    • 1
  • Jeongwoo Lee
    • 1
  • Jun-Seok Yeo
    • 2
  • Seok-Ho Hwang
    • 2
  • Jae-Won Choi
    • 1
    Email author
  1. 1.Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of AkronAkronUSA
  2. 2.Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringDankook UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options