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MicroRNA Applications in Marine Biology

  • Population Genetics (E Lewallen and C Bonin, Section Editors)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, short (~ 22 nt) non-coding RNAs that control gene expression in most metazoan taxa. These vital post-transcriptional regulators are emerging as a novel class of relatively well-conserved biomarkers useful to molecular ecologists working on non-model marine organisms. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with a brief background on miRNAs and to explore recent applications in marine biology.

Recent Findings

MiRNA datasets have been broadly employed in studies concerning commercially important species (oysters and crustaceans), phylogenetics (particularly deep evolutionary splits), and environmental stressor responses (temperature and salinity). Most progress has been made in the characterization of cnidarian miRNAs and bivalve and crustacean immune-related miRNAs. The use of miRNAs in phylogenetics is still under debate due to the secondary loss of miRNAs in some lineages, but they have been successfully applied in the resolution of deep evolutionary splits. Finally, miRNAs have been investigated in abiotic stress responses, but data interpretation is limited by the high number of species-specific miRNAs detected in these studies. Improvements in miRNA database curation and functional annotation should provide more confidence in their use.

Summary

Due to their evolutionary conservation, resilience to degradation, and amenable bioinformatics workflows, miRNAs are a powerful molecular tool in marine genomics. MiRNA investigations regarding environmental stress response will be particularly useful due to their potential to reveal physiological alterations and disease. Thus, they may be ultimately utilized as bio-indicators of environmental health.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Michelle Penn-Marshall (Vice President for Research and Associate Provost) and Dr. Deidre Gibson (Chair, Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences) at Hampton University for logistical support. We also thank Nefertiti Smith and Isaiah Milton for assistance with acquiring literature used in this review.

Funding

This work was funded by Hampton University Faculty Research Awards to C. Bonin and E. Lewallen. Additionally, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Living Marine Resources Cooperative Science Center provided funds for the preparation of this manuscript (NOAA-LMRCSC-FY2016; Award #NA16SEC4810007).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA

    Carolina A. Bonin

  2. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Andre J. van Wijnen

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA

    Eric A. Lewallen

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  1. Carolina A. Bonin
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Correspondence to Carolina A. Bonin.

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Bonin, C.A., van Wijnen, A.J. & Lewallen, E.A. MicroRNA Applications in Marine Biology. Curr Mol Bio Rep 5, 167–175 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40610-019-00124-w

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