Abstract
Stainless steel is one of the most widely used engineering materials due to high strength and excellent corrosion resistance. In this paper, the deformation-induced martensitic behavior of austenitic stainless steel 304 was investigated by the finite element method. For this purpose, the process parameters of forming speed and punch corner radius were examined during the warm deep drawing process under gradient condition from room temperature to 300 °C for sheets with 1 mm thickness. Also, their effects were studied on deformation-induced martensitic transformation. To apply thermal gradient, the blank in flange region was heated by die heating, and the blank center has been cooled by water circulating punch for strength enhancement. Results showed that when the temperature was increased to 150 and 300 °C, the martensitic transformation stopped in wall and flange regions, and the maximum punch force decreased. In addition, the faster forming speed and the sharper punch corners transformed higher martensitic content especially in the punch corner regions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Livitsanos, P. Thomson, The effect of temperature and deformation rate on transformation-dependent ductility of a metastable austenitic stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. 30(2), 93–98 (1977)
H. Takuda, K. Mori, T. Masachika, E. Yamazaki, Finite element analysis of the formability of an austenitic stainless steel sheet in warm deep drawing. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 143, 242–248 (2003)
L. Gardner, The use of stainless steel in structures. Prog. Struct. Mater. Eng. 7(2), 45–55 (2005)
E. Billur, S. Mahabunphachai, M. Koç, Formability of austenitic stainless steels under warm hydroforming conditions. Trans. NAMRI/SME 37, 341–348 (2009)
M. Streicher, J. Grubb, Austenitic and ferritic stainless steels, Third edn. (Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook, London, 2011), pp. 657–693
D. Ludwigson, J.A. Berger, Plastic behaviour of metastable austenitic stainless steels. J Iron Steel Inst. 207(1), 63–69 (1969)
F. Schaller, T. Schmid, E. Snape, Delayed cracking of deep-drawn stainless steel. Sheet Metal Ind. 49(10), 621–624 (1972)
G. Olson, M. Cohen, Kinetics of strain-induced martensitic nucleation. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 6(4), 791–795 (1975)
G.L. Huang, D.K. Matlock, G. Krauss, Martensite formation, strain rate sensitivity, and deformation behavior of type 304 stainless steel sheet. Metall. Trans. A 20(7), 1239–1246 (1989)
K. Shinagawa, K. Mori, K. Osakada, Finite element simulation of deep drawing of stainless steel sheet with deformation-induced transformation. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 27(1), 301–310 (1991)
R. Stringfellow, D. Parks, G. Olson, A constitutive model for transformation plasticity accompanying strain-induced martensitic transformations in metastable austenitic steels. Acta Metall. Mater. 40(7), 1703–1716 (1992)
T. Iwamoto, T. Tsuta, Y. Tomita, Investigation on deformation mode dependence of strain-induced martensitic transformation in TRIP steels and modelling of transformation kinetics. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 40(2–3), 173–182 (1998)
H. Hamasaki, E. Ishimaru, F. Yoshida, Cyclic stress–strain response and martensitic transformation behavior for type 304 stainless steel. Appl. Mech. Mater. 510, 114 (2014)
E. Ishimaru, H. Hamasaki, F. Yoshida, Deformation-induced martensitic transformation behavior of type 304 stainless steel sheet in draw-bending process. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 223, 34–38 (2015)
L. Jayahari, B. Balunaik, A. Gupta, S. Singh, Finite element simulation studies of AISI 304 for deep drawing at various temperatures. Mater. Today Proc. 2(4–5), 1978–1986 (2015)
G. Ambrogio, L. Filice, G. Palumbo, S. Pinto, Prediction of formability extension in deep drawing when superimposing a thermal gradient. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 162, 454–460 (2005)
G. Palumbo, D. Sorgente, L. Tricarico, S. Zhang, Numerical and experimental investigations on the effect of the heating strategy and the punch speed on the warm deep drawing of magnesium alloy AZ31. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 191(1), 342–346 (2007)
S. Yoshihara, H. Yamamoto, K. Manabe, Formability enhancement in magnesium alloy deep drawing by local heating and cooling technique. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 143, 612–615 (2003)
K. Lange, Handbook of Metal Forming (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1985), p. 1216
S. Singh, K. Mahesh, A. Kumar, M. Swathi, Understanding formability of extra-deep drawing steel at elevated temperature using finite element simulation. Mater. Des. 31(9), 4478–4484 (2010)
K. Shinagawa, H. Nishikawa, T. Ishikawa, Y. Hosoi, Deformation-induced martensitic transformation in type 304 stainless steel during cold upsetting. Tetsu-to-Hagané 76(3), 462–468 (1990)
H. Sumitomo, M. Arakawa, T. Sawatani, T. Ohoka, Delayed cracking of deep-drawn cup of marastable austenitic stainless steel. J. Jpn. Soc. Technol. Plast. SOSEI-TO-KAKO 17–11, 891 (1976)
M.R. da Rocha, C.A.S. de Oliveira, Evaluation of the martensitic transformations in austenitic stainless steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 517(1), 281–285 (2009)
A. Lebedev, V. Kosarchuk, Influence of phase transformations on the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels. Int. J. Plast. 16(7), 749–767 (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alinia, S., Khamedi, R. & Ahmadi, I. An Investigation into Deep Drawing Parameters on Deformation-Induced Martensitic Microstructure Transformation of an Austenitic Stainless Steel. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal. 7, 724–734 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-018-0494-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-018-0494-6