Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Patent Determinants for SMEs in Least-Developed Countries: How Enterprise Size Makes the Difference

  • Published:
Journal of the Knowledge Economy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to investigate empirically the main determinants of patenting behaviour from small- to medium-sized firms in least-developed countries (LDCs). Probit modelling is proposed and tested using data collected from the World Bank Investment Climate Survey (ICS) for 7 LDCs (Algeria, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, and Chile). Putting at the core of the explanations the type of innovation carried out, our findings show that there is not a huge gap with what the literature considers to be important for developed countries: radical inventor patents more than an incremental innovator; a product innovator is more prone to patent than a process innovator. In line with the recent literature, a complex innovator in general patents more than a single one (the case of medium firms sets up an exception). We find there is a size effect as well. These results have a direct implication on firm innovation strategy and more generally on public policy intervention to deepen the appropriation returns of innovation and to increase the use of patent by small firms. Prior studies have under-investigated this topic in developing economies. This research aims to fill this gap.

Résumé

L’objectif de ce papier est d’examiner de manière empirique les principaux déterminants du comportement en matière de brevets des petites et moyennes entreprises dans les pays les moins avancés (PMA).Nous utilisons une modélisation de type probit sur les données de l’enquête de la Banque mondiale sur le climat d’investissement menée dans 7 PMA (Algérie, Kazakhstan, Nigéria, Équateur, Colombie, Mexique et Chili). En mettant au centre de l’interprétation le type d’innovation réalisée, nos résultats soutiennent qu’il n’y a pas d’écart majeur par rapport à ce que la littérature considère comme important pour les pays développés: les inventeurs radicaux brevètent davantage que les inventeurs incrémentaux, un innovateur en produits est plus enclin à breveter qu’un innovateur en procédés. Conformément à la littérature récente, un innovateur complexe brevète globalement plus que l’innovateur simple (le cas des entreprises de taille moyenne constitue une exception). Nous constatons aussi qu’il y a un effet de taille. Ces résultats ont des implications directes sur les stratégies d’innovation des firmes et de manière générale sur les interventions publiques visant à renforcer l’appropriation des résultats d’innovation et à soutenir l’usage des brevets dans les petites entreprises. Jusqu’à présent, ce sujet reste sous-exploité par les chercheurs. Cette étude tente de remédier à cette insuffisance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. For emerging economies, Batra et al. (2015), working on a sample of Indian SMEs, show that they are very sensitive to the conditions of appropriability in their industry, which impacts the capacity for innovation of companies.

  2. Data collected and survey questionnaire can be found on the website of the World Bank’s Enterprise Analysis Unit: https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/.

  3. The data were executed respectively in 2007 for Algeria, in 2014 for Nigeria, in 2013 for Kazakhstan and in 2010 for Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico and Chile.

  4. For more information on the sampling methodology, see: http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/methodology.

  5. As stated by Barros (2015), in our study we find the same factors that explain firm’s propensity to patent in a stronger institutional context.

  6. Agostini and Nosella (2017) on the basis of a panel regression and a cluster analysis on Italian SMEs show that firms relying more on informal mechanisms, in particular time-to-market and unique skills of employees, over patents, register superior performance.

References

  • Agostini, L., & Nosella, A. (2017). A dual knowledge perspective on the determinants of SME patenting: Results of an empirical investigation. Management Decision, 55(6), 1226–1247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agostini, L., Caviggioli, F., Filippini, R., & Nosella, A. (2015). Does patenting influence SME sales performance? A quantity and quality analysis of patents in Northern Italy. European Journal of Innovation Management, 18(2), 238–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amdaoud, M. (2018). Capacités d’innovation et développement économique en Algérie : Une approche comparative, thèse de doctorat, Université Paris 13.

  • Andries, P., & Faems, D. (2013). Patenting activities and firm performance: Does firm size matter? Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(6), 1089–1098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arundel, A., Van De Paal, G., & Soete, L. (1995). Innovation strategies of Europe’s largest industrial firms: Results of the PACE survey for information sources, public research, protection of innovations and government programmes. Directorate General XIII, European Commission, EIMS Publication 23.

  • Barros, H. M. (2015). Exploring the use of patents in a weak institutional environment: The effects of innovation partnerships, firm ownership, and new management practices. Technovation, 45-46, 63–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batra, S., Sharma, S., Dixit, M. R., Vohra, N., & Gupta, V. K. (2015). Performance implications of industry appropriability for manufacturing SMEs: The role of technology orientation. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 26(5), 660–677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brem, A., Nylund, P. A., & Hitchen, E. L. (2017). Open innovation and intellectual property rights: How do SMEs benefit from patents, industrial designs, trademarks and copyrights? Management Decision, 55(6), 1285–1306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2000). Protecting their intellectual assets: Appropriability conditions and why US manufacturing firms patent (or not) (No. w7552). National Bureau of Economic Research.

  • De Rassenfosse, G. (2012). How SMEs exploit their intellectual property assets: Evidence from survey data. Small Business Economics, 39, 437–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duguet, E., & Kabla, I. (1998). Appropriation strategy and the motivations to use the patent system: An econometric analysis at the firm level in French manufacturing. Annals of Economics and Statistics/Annales d'Économie et de Statistique, 49(50), 289–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eppinger, E., & Vladova, G. (2013). Intellectual property management practices at small and medium-sized enterprises. International Journal of Technology Management, 61(1), 64–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giuri, P., Mariani, M., Brusoni, S., Crespi, G., Francoz, D., Gambardella, A., Garcia-Fontes, W., Geuna, A., Gonzales, R., Harhoff, D., Hoisl, K., Le Bas, C., Luzzi, A., Magazzini, L., Nesta, L., Nomaler, Ö., Palomeras, N., Patel, P., Romanelli, M., & Verspagen, B. (2007). Inventors and invention processes in Europe: Results from the PatVal-EU survey. Research Policy, 36(8), 1107–1127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granstrand, O. (1999). The economics and management of intellectual property: Towards intellectual capitalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guellec, D., & De La Potterie, B. V. P. (2007). The economics of the European patent system: IP policy for innovation and competition. Oxford University Press on Demand.

  • Hall, B. H., & Sena, V. (2017). Appropriability mechanisms, innovation, and productivity: Evidence from the UK. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26(1–2), 42–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanel, P. (2006). Intellectual property rights business management practices: A survey of the literature. Technovation, 26, 895–931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holgersson, M. (2013). Patent management in entrepreneurial SMEs: A literature review and an empirical study of innovation appropriation, patent propensity, and motives. R&D Management, 43(1), 21–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalanje, C. M. (2006). Role of intellectual property in innovation and new product development. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization available at: www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/sme/en/documents/pdf/ip_innovation_development.pd (accessed January 4, 2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplinsky, R. (2011). Schumacher meets Schumpeter: Appropriate technology below the radar. Research Policy, 40(2), 193–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, C., & Tavassoli, S. (2016). Innovation strategies of firms: What strategies and why? The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(6), 1483–1506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bas, C., & Poussing, N. (2014). Are complex innovators more persistent than single innovators? An empirical analysis of innovation persistence drivers. International Journal of Innovation Management, 18(1), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leiponen, A., & Byma, J. (2009). If you cannot block, you better run: Small firms, cooperative innovation, and appropriation strategies. Research Policy, 38(9), 1478–1488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, F. V. R., & Dos Santos, J. A. B. (2018). Intellectual property management in small and medium-sized enterprises. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 6(9), 109–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lissoni, F., Llerena, P., Mckelvey, M., & Sanditov, B. (2008). Academic patenting in Europe: New evidence from the KEINS database. Research Evaluation, 17(2), 87–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mairesse, J., & Mohnen, P. (2010). Using innovation surveys for econometric analysis. In. B. H. Hall, N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Handbook of Economics of Innovation, North-Holland.

  • Reitzig, M. (2004). The private values of “thickets” and “fences”: towards an updated picture of the use of patents across industries. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 13(5), 457–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spithoven, A., Vanhaverbeke, W., & Roijakkers, N. (2013). Open innovation practices in SMEs and large enterprises. Small Business Economics, 41(3), 537–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavassoli, S., & Karlsson, C. (2015). Persistence of various types of innovation analyzed and explained. Research Policy, 44(10), 1887–1901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomä, J., & Bizer, K. (2013). To protect or not to protect? Modes of appropriability in the small enterprise sector. Research Policy, 42(1), 35–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tirole, J. (1988). The theory of industrial organization. MIT press.

  • Willoughby, K. W. (2013). Intellectual property management and technological entrepreneurship. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 10(6), 1–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mounir Amdaoud.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Amdaoud, M., Le Bas, C. Patent Determinants for SMEs in Least-Developed Countries: How Enterprise Size Makes the Difference. J Knowl Econ 12, 943–961 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00650-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00650-4

Keywords

Mots clés

JEL Classification

Navigation