Abstract
To discover the distribution of green algal micro-propagules in the Subei Shoal and clarify the growth of green macroalgae attached on Pyropia aquaculture rafts, an integrated investigation in Pyropia aquaculture area and one cruise in the coastal area of the Subei Shoal were carried out from March to May in 2013. The results showed that green algal micro-propagules were discovered in seawater and sediment during March to May. The average quantity of micro-propagules was 267 ind./L in surface seawater and 43 ind./g in sediment. The biomass of attached green macroalgae increased in Pyropia aquaculture from March to May. Three species, including Ulva prolifera, Ulva linza and Blidingia sp. were found in Pyropia aquaculture rafts. The dominant specie was Blidingia sp. and the second was U. prolifera in spring. This study indicated that the micro-propagules and macroalgae were existed in the coastal area of the Subei Shoal at the early stage of green tide. This was the key point to the governance of green tide in China.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amsler C D, Searles R B. 1980. Vertical distribution of seaweed spores in a water column offshore of North Carolina. Journal of Phycology, 16(4): 617–619
Amsler C D, Reed D C, Neushul M. 1992. The microclimate inhabited by macroalgal propagules. British Phycological Journal, 27(3): 253–270
COIN (China Ocean Information Network). 2009–2014. The marine environmental bulletin. State Oceanic Administration 2008–2013 (in Chinese). http://www.coi.gov.cn/gongbao/huanjing/
Dan A, Hiraoka M, Ohno M, et al. 2002. Observations on the effect of salinity and photon fluence rate on the induction of sporulation and rhizoid formation in the green alga Enteromorpha prolifera (Müller) J. Agardh (Chlorophyta, Ulvales). Fisheries Science, 68(6): 1182–1188
Ding Lanping, Luan Rixiao. 2009. The taxonomy, habit, and distribution of a green alga Enteromorpha prolifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta). Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica (in Chinese), 40(1): 68–71
Duan Weijun, Guo Lixin, Sun Dong, et al. 2012. Morphological and molecular characterization of free-floating and attached green macroalgae Ulva spp. in the Yellow Sea of China. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(1): 97–108
Fan Shiliang, Fu Mingzhu, Wang Zongling, et al. 2015. Temporal variation of green macroalgal assemblage on Porphyra aquaculture rafts in the Subei Shoal, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 163: 23–28
Gao Shan, Chen Xiaoyuan, Yi Qianqian, et al. 2010. A strategy for the proliferation of Ulva prolifera, main causative species of green tides, with formation of sporangia by fragmentation. PLoS One, 5(1): e8571
Hoffmann A, Santelices B. 1991. Banks of algal microscopic forms: hypotheses on their functioning and comparisons with seed banks. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 79: 85–194
Hu Chuanmin. 2009. A novel ocean color index to detect floating algae in the global oceans. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113(10): 2118–2129
Hu Chuanmin, Li Daqiu, Chen Changsheng, et al. 2010. On the recurrent Ulva prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(C5): C05017
Keesing J K, Liu Dongyan, Fearns P, et al. 2011. Inter- and intra-annual patterns of Ulva prolifera green tides in the Yellow Sea during 2007–2009, their origin and relationship to the expansion of coastal seaweed aquaculture in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(6): 1169–1182
Kraft L G K, Kraft G T, Waller R F. 2010. Investigations into southern Australian Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) taxonomy and molecular phylogeny indicate both cosmopolitanism and endemic cryptic species. Journal of Phycology, 46(6): 1257–1277
Li Yan, Song Wei, Xiao Jie, et al. 2014. Tempo-spatial distribution and species diversity of green algae micro-propagules in the Yellow Sea during the large-scale green tide development. Harmful Algae, 39: 40–47
Liang Zongying, Lin Xiangzhi, Ma Mu, et al. 2008. A preliminary study of the enteromorpha prolifera drift gathering causing the green tide phenomenon. Periodical of Ocean University of China (in Chinese), 38(4): 601–604
Lin Apeng, Shen Songdong, Wang Jianwei, et al. 2008. Reproduction diversity of Enteromorpha prolifera. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(5): 622–629
Liu Xiangqing. 2014. Distributions of floating green algae and micropropagules in the formatting and developing processes in the Yellow Sea in 2012 (in Chinese) [dissertation]. Qingdao: The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA
Liu Dongyan, Keesing J K, Dong Zhijun, et al. 2010a. Recurrence of the world's largest green-tide in 2009 in Yellow Sea, China: Porphyra yezoensis aquaculture rafts confirmed as nursery for macroalgal blooms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(9): 1423–1432
Liu Dongyan, Keesing J K, He Peimin, et al. 2013. The world’s largest macroalgal bloom in the Yellow Sea, China: formation and implications. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 129: 2–10
Liu Dongyan, Keesing J K, Xing Qianguo, et al. 2009. World’s largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(6): 888–895
Liu Xiangqing, Li Yan, Wang Zongling, et al. 2015a. Cruise observation of Ulva prolifera bloom in the southern Yellow Sea, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 163: 17–22
Liu Feng, Pang Shaojun, Shan Tifeng, et al. 2010b. A novel method to quantify the microscopic stages of Ulva species in seawater and its applications in forcasting green tides of the Yellow Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 55(6): 468–473
Liu Feng, Pang Shaojun, Zhao Xiaobo, et al. 2012. Quantitative, molecular and growth analyses of Ulva microscopic propagules in the coastal sediment of Jiangsu province where green tides initially occurred. Marine Environmental Research, 74: 56–63
Liu Xiangqing, Wang Zongling, Zhang Xuelei, et al. 2015b. The current situations of micro-propagules of green algae in Porphyra yezoensis farming areas of southern Jiangsu in autumn in 2012. Periodical of Ocean University of China (in Chinese), 45(7): 58–63
McAvoy K M, Klug J L. 2005. Positive and negative effects of riverine input on the estuarine green alga Ulva intestinalis (syn. Enteromorpha intestinalis) (Linneaus). Hydrobiologia, 545(1): 1–9
Pang Shaojun, Liu Feng, Shan Tifeng, et al. 2010. Tracking the algal origin of the Ulva bloom in the Yellow Sea by a combination of molecular, morphological and physiological analyses. Marine Environmental Research, 69(4): 207–215
Provasoli L. 1968. Media and prospects for the cultivation of marine algae. In: Watanabe A, Hattori A, eds. Cultures and Collection of Algae. Proceedings of the US Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists Conference. Hakone, Japan: Japanese Society for Plant Physiology, 63–75
Qiao Fangli, Wang Guansuo, Lü Xin’gang, et al. 2011. Drift characteristics of green macroalgae in the Yellow Sea in 2008 and 2010. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56(21): 2236–2242
Romero R. 2009. Recruitment Strategies of Ulva and Porphyra in Central California [dissertation]. San Jose: San Jose State University, 4–5
Shang Zhaotang, Jiang Mingshu, Pu Meijuan. 2008. Analysis of the general situations of laver culture in Jiangsu province and its climatic suitability. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences (in Chinese), 36(13): 5315–5319
Shi Xiaoyong, Qi Mingyan, Tang Hongjie, et al. 2015. Spatial and temporal nutrient variations in the Yellow Sea and their effects on Ulva prolifera blooms. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 163: 36–43
Song Wei, Li Yan, Fang Song, et al. 2015a. Temporal and spatial distributions of green algae micro-propagules in the coastal waters of the Subei Shoal, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 163: 29–35
Song Wei, Peng Keqin, Xiao Jie, et al. 2015b. Effects of temperature on the germination of green algae micro-propagules in coastal waters of the Subei Shoal, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 163: 63–68
Tseng C K. 1983. Common Seaweeds of China (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press
Wang Jianwei, Yan Binlun, Lin A’peng, et al. 2007. Ecological factor research on the growth and induction of spores release in Enteromorpha prolifera (Chlorophyta). Marine Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 26(2): 60–65
Woodhead P, Moss B. 1975. The effects of light and temperature on settlement and germination of Enteromorpha. British Phycological Journal, 10(3): 269–272
Xiao Jie, Li Yan, Song Wei, et al. 2013. Discrimination of the common macroalgae (Ulva and Blidingia) in coastal waters of Yellow Sea, northern China, based on restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Harmful Algae, 27: 130–137
Yoshida K. 1970. Studies on germling development and life-history in Ulvaceae and Monostromaceae-Part II-. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 18(4): 243–273
Zechman F W, Mathieson A C. 1985. The distribution of seaweed propagules in estuarine, coastal and offshore waters of New Hampshire, U.S.A. Botanica Marina, 28(7): 283–294
Zhang Jianheng, Huo Yuanzi, Yu Kefeng, et al. 2013. Growth characteristics and reproductive capability of green tide algae in Rudong coast, China. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(3): 795–803
Zhang Qingchun, Liu Qing, Kang Zhenjun, et al. 2015. Development of a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for rapid detection of Ulva prolifera. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 163: 103–111
Zhang Suping, Liu Yingchen, Zhang Guangquan, et al. 2009. Analysis on the hydro-moteorological conditions from remote sensing data for the 2008 algal blooming in the Yellow Sea. Periodical of Ocean University of China (in Chinese), 39(5): 870–876
Zhang Xiaowen, Wang Hongxia, Mao Yuze, et al. 2010. Somatic cells serve as a potential propagule bank of Enteromorpha prolifera forming a green tide in the Yellow Sea, China. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22(2): 173–180
Zhang Xiaowen, Xu Dong, Mao Yuze, et al. 2011. Settlement of vegetative fragments of Ulva prolifera confirmed as an important seed source for succession of a large-scale green tide bloom. Limnology and Oceanography, 56(1): 233–242
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item: The National Natural Science Foundation of China—Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers under contract No. U1406403; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41276119; the International Scientific Cooperation Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under contract No. 2010DFA24340.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, X., Wang, Z., Fan, S. et al. The current situations of green macroalgae and micro-propagules in Pyropia aquaculture of the Subei Shoal in spring of 2013. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 35, 94–100 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-016-0879-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-016-0879-9