Abstract
The risk factors, management issues and impacts of diseases in carp aquaculture in West Bengal were evaluated. The relative risk was calculated for 35 variables related to pond connection/establishment, pre-stocking, stocking, post-stocking management, hygiene and climate. Practices such as the use of rainwater, draining of pond water, pond bottom drying for > 20 days, liming, treatment of fish seeds before stocking, drying and disinfection of fishing nets and training in aquaculture were identified as sparing factors for infectious diseases. On the other hand, variables such as presence of wild fish in ponds, use of sewage water, intensification of culture, presence of more number of grow-out ponds in farms, presence/poor maintenance of nursery ponds, black pond bottom, sludge disposal on pond dyke, mortality of fish seeds during transportation, inclusion of Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo bata as culturable species, and low temperature were identified as putative factors. These sparing and putative factors are the areas where the resource-poor farmers can attempt interventions with ease to prevent the diseases and to augment fish production. This calls for effective fish health management strategies and participation of all those involved in the development of carp aquaculture.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abraham, T.J., S.K. Sil, and P. Vineetha. 2010. A comparative study of the aquaculture practices adopted by fish farmers in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Indian Journal of Fisheries 57(3): 41–48.
Akiyama, D.M. 1992. Future considerations for shrimp nutrition and the aquaculture feed industry. In Proceedings of the special session on shrimp farming, ed. J. Wyban, 198–204. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: The World Aquaculture Society.
Anon. 2019. Handbook on Fishery Statistics 2017–2018. Department of Fisheries. Kolkata: Directorate of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal.
Ayyappan, S., and J.K. Jena. 2013. Grow-out production of carps in India. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 13: 251–282.
Ayyappan, S., V.V. Sugunan, J.K. Jena, and A. Gopalkrishnan. 2013. Handbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
DAHDF. 2019. Handbook on Fisheries Statistics 2018. New Delhi: Department of Fisheries Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Govt. of India.
Das, M.K. 2002. Social and economic impacts of disease in inland open-water and culture-based fisheries in India. In Primary aquatic animal health care in rural, small-scale, aquaculture development, eds. Arthur, J.R., M.J. Phillips, R.P. Subasinghe, M.B. Reantaso. and I.H. MacRae. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 406, pp. 333–344. Rome: FAO.
FAO 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018—Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Khan, M.H., and J.H. Lilley. 2002. Risk factors and socio-economic impacts associated with the epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in Bangladesh. In Primary aquatic animal health care in rural, small-scale, aquaculture development, eds. Arthur, J.R., M.J. Phillips, R.P. Subasinghe, M.B. Reantaso, and I.H. MacRae. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 406, pp. 27–39. Rome: FAO.
Little, D.C., P.A. Tuan, and B. Barman. 2002. Health management issues in freshwater fish hatcheries, nurseries and fry distribution, with emphasis on experiences in Vietnam and Bangladesh. In Primary aquatic animal health care in rural, small-scale, aquaculture development, eds. Arthur, J.R., M.J. Phillips, R.P. Subasinghe, M.B. Reantaso, and I.H. MacRae. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 406, pp. 141–146. Rome: FAO.
Mohan, C.V., and K.M. Shankar. 1994. Epidemiological analysis of epizootic ulcerative syndrome of fresh and brackishwater fishes of Karnataka, India. Current Science 66: 656–658.
Nagesh, T.S., 2006. Studies on non-infectious diseases of cultured shrimps in West Bengal. PhD Thesis, Burdwan: The University of Burdwan.
Paria, T., and S.K. Konar. 1999. Management of fish ponds and its relation to fish diseases in West Bengal, India. Environment and Ecology 17: 962–970.
Pillai, N.G.K., and P.K. Kaitha. 2004. Evolution of fisheries and aquaculture in India. Kochi: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute.
Snedecor, G.W., and W.G. Cochran. 1974. Statistical methods. 7th printing, 6th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
Thrusfield, M. 1995. Veterinary epidemiology, 2nd ed. London: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Vineetha, P., and T.J. Abraham. 2009. Risk factors, management issues and economic impacts of diseases on carp aquaculture in Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Rural Development 28 (2): 249–263.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Vice-Chancellor, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India for providing necessary infrastructure facility to carry out the work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TJA and TSN contributed to the design and implementation of the research, to the analysis/interpretation of the results and to the writing of the manuscript. SKS collected and processed the experimental data.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abraham, T.J., Sil, S.K. & Nagesh, T.S. Association of Risk Factors and Management Issues on the Occurrence of Diseases in Carp Aquaculture in West Bengal, India. Proc Zool Soc 73, 243–250 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-020-00325-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-020-00325-7