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Chitin and Its Effects on Inflammatory and Immune Responses

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Abstract

Chitin, a potential allergy-promoting pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), is a linear polymer composed of N-acetylglucosamine residues which are linked by β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds. Mammalians are potential hosts for chitin-containing protozoa, fungi, arthropods, and nematodes; however, mammalians themselves do not synthetize chitin and thus it is considered as a potential target for recognition by mammalian immune system. Chitin is sensed primarily in the lungs or gut where it activates a variety of innate (eosinophils, macrophages) and adaptive immune cells (IL-4/IL-13 expressing T helper type-2 lymphocytes). Chitin induces cytokine production, leukocyte recruitment, and alternative macrophage activation. Intranasal or intraperitoneal administration of chitin (varying in size, degree of acetylation and purity) to mice has been applied as a routine approach to investigate chitin’s priming effects on innate and adaptive immunity. Structural chitin present in microorganisms is actively degraded by host true chitinases, including acidic mammalian chitinases and chitotriosidase into smaller fragments that can be sensed by mammalian receptors such as FIBCD1, NKR-P1, and RegIIIc. Immune recognition of chitin also involves pattern recognition receptors, mainly via TLR-2 and Dectin-1, to activate immune cells to induce cytokine production and creation of an immune network that results in inflammatory and allergic responses. In this review, we will focus on various immunological aspects of the interaction between chitin and host immune system such as sensing, interactions with immune cells, chitinases as chitin degrading enzymes, and immunologic applications of chitin.

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Abbreviations

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PBMCs:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

AMCase:

Acidic mammalian chitinase

Chit1:

Chitotriosidase

CLPs:

Chitinase like proteins

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbayjan, Iran

    Daniel Elieh Ali Komi

  2. Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbayjan, Iran

    Daniel Elieh Ali Komi

  3. Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Lokesh Sharma & Charles S. Dela Cruz

  4. Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, TACS441D, USA

    Charles S. Dela Cruz

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Correspondence to Charles S. Dela Cruz.

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I hereby state that none of the coauthors and the corresponding author of this paper have a conflict of interest and it has been prepared for publication without using any fund. Moreover, the paper does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Daniel Elieh Ali Komi, Lokesh Sharma, and Charles S. Dela Cruz declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Elieh Ali Komi, D., Sharma, L. & Dela Cruz, C.S. Chitin and Its Effects on Inflammatory and Immune Responses. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 54, 213–223 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8600-0

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