Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aircraft Skin Restoration and Evaluation

  • Peer Reviewed
  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The recent development of the cold spray technology has made possible the deposition of low porosity and oxide-free coatings with good adhesion and with almost no change in the microstructure of the coated parts. This focuses on the use of low-pressure cold spray process to repair damaged Al-based aircraft skin, aiming at obtaining dense coatings with strong adhesion to the Al2024-T3 alloy. In order to prove the feasibility of using of the cold spray process as a repair process for aircraft skin, series of characterisation/tests including microstructures, microhardness, adhesion strength, three-point bending, surface finish, fatigue test, and corrosion resistance were performed. The obtained results revealed that the low-pressure cold spray process is a suitable for the repair of aircraft skin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. E.A. Strake and J.T. Staley, Application of Modern Aluminum Alloys to Aircraft, Prog. Aerospace Sci., 1996, 32, p 131-172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J.R. Davis, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, ASM International, USA, 1993, p 15-30

    Google Scholar 

  3. J.R. Davis, Corrosion: Understanding the Basics, ASM International, USA, 2000, p 10-24

    Google Scholar 

  4. Boeing Standards D6-51343, Thermal Spray Repair of Exterior Clad Aluminum, USA, 2006, p 1-42

  5. A.P. Alkhimov, A.N. Papyrin, V.F. Kosarev, N.I. Nesterovich, and M.M. Shushpanov, Gas-Dynamic Spraying Method for Applying a Coating, U.S. Patent 5,302,414, 1994

  6. A. Papyrin, V. Kosarev, S. Klinkov, A. Alkhimov, and V. Fomin, Cold Spray Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006, p 5-20

    Google Scholar 

  7. A.I. Kashirin, O.F. Klyuev, and T.V. Buzdygar, Apparatus for Gas Dynamic Coating, U.S. Patent No. 6,402,050, 2002

  8. RGr Maev and V. Leshchynsky, Introduction to Low Pressure Gas Dynamic Spray, Wiley, Weinheim, 2007, p 75-110

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. V.K. Champagne, Ed., The Cold Spray Materials Deposition Process: Fundamentals and Applications, Woodhead, Cambridge, 2007, p 25-52

    Google Scholar 

  10. H. Assadi, F. Gartner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Bonding Mechanism in Cold Gas Spraying, Acta Mater., 2003, 51(15), p 4379-4394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Pattison, S. Celotto, R. Morgan, M. Bray, and W. O’Neill, Cold Gas Dynamic Manufacturing: A Non-Thermal Approach to Freeform Fabrication, IJMTM, 2007, 47(3–4), p 627-634

    Google Scholar 

  12. J.G. Legoux, E. Irissou, and C. Moreau, Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Formation Mechanism of Cold-Sprayed Aluminum, Zinc and Tin Coatings, JTST, 2007, 16(5–6), p 619-626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Yandouzi, A.J. Böttger, M. Brochu, P. Richer, and B. Jodoin, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of B4C Reinforced Al-Based Matrix Composite Coatings Deposited by CGDS and PGDS Processes, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205(7), p 2234-2246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Cormier, P. Dupuis, B. Jodoin, and A. Corbeil, Net Shape Fins for Compact Heat Exchanger Produced by Cold Spray, JTST, 2013, 22(7), p 1210-1221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. P. Richer, B. Jodoin, and L. Ajdelsztajn, Substrate Roughness and Thickness Effects on Cold Spray Nanocrystalline Al-Mg Coatings, JTST, 2006, 15, p 246-254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. L. Ajdelsztajn, B. Jodoin, P. Richer, E. Sansoucy, and E.J. Lavernia, Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying of Iron-Base Amorphous Alloy, JTST, 2006, 15, p 495-500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. G. Berube, M. Yandouzi, J. Villafuerte, L. Ajdelsztajn, and B. Jodoin, Phase Stability of Al-5Fe-V-Si Coatings Produced by Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Process Using Rapid Solidified Feedstock Materials, JTST, 2012, 21(2), p 240-254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Bacciochini, M.I. Radulescu, M. Yandouzi, J.J. Lee, and B. Jodoin, Reactive Structural Materials Consolidated by Cold Spray: Al-CuO Thermite, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 226, p 60-67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. K. Balani, T. Laha, A. Agarwal, J. Karthikeyan, and N. Munroe, Effect of Carrier Gases on Microstructural and Electrochemical Behavior of Cold-Sprayed 1100 Aluminum Coating, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 195, p 272-279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. V.K. Champagne, The Repair of Magnesium Rotorcraft Components by Cold Spray, JFAP, 2008, 8, p 164-175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Bu, M. Yandouzi, C. Lu, and B. Jodoin, Effect of Heat Treatment on the Intermetallic Layer of Cold Sprayed Aluminum Coatings on Magnesium Alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205(19), p 4665-4671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. W.Y. Li, C. Zhang, X. Guo, J. Xu, C.J. Li, C. Coddet, and K.A. Khor, Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Coatings by Cold Spraying and Microstructure Modification by Heat Treatment, AEM, 2007, 9(5), p 418-423

    Google Scholar 

  23. J. Villafuerte, Current and Future Applications of Cold Spray Technology, Metal Finish., 2010, 108(1), p 37-39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. ASTM Standard E1920-03, Standard Guide for Metallographic Preparation of Thermal Sprayed Coatings, ASTM International, USA, 2009

  25. ASTM Standard C 633-01, Standard Test Method for Adhesion or Cohesion Strength of Thermal Spray Coatings, ASTM International, USA, 2009

  26. ASTM standard B593-96, Standard test method for bending fatigue testing for copper-alloy spring materials, ASTM International, USA, 2009

  27. W. Dixon and F. Massey, Introduction to Statistical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  28. K.A. Brownlee, J.L. Hodges, and J.R.M. Rossenblatt, The Up-and-Down Method with Small Samples, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 1953, 48, p 262-277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. ASTM standard E739-10, Standard practice for statistical analysis of linear or linearized stress life (S-N) and strain life (ε-n) fatigue data, ASTM International, USA, 2009

  30. ASTM standard B117-09, Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus, ASTM International, USA, 2009

  31. ASTM standard G44-99, Standard Practice for Exposure of Metals and Alloys by Alternate Immersion in Neutral 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution, ASTM International, USA, 2009

  32. B. Jodoin, L. Ajdelsztajn, E. Sansoucy, A. Zúñiga, P. Richer, and E.J. Lavernia, Effect of Particle Size, Morphology, and Hardness on Cold Gas Dynamic Sprayed Aluminum Alloy Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 3422-3430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MA2024T4

  34. R. Ghelichi, D. MacDonald, S. Bagherifard, H. Jahed, M. Guagliano, and B. Jodoin, Microstructure and Fatigue Behavior of Cold Spray Coated Al5052, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, p 6555-6561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. E. Sansoucy, G.E. Kim, A.L. Moran, and B. Jodoin, Mechanical Characteristics of Al-Co-Ce Coatings Produced by the Cold Spray Process, JTST, 2007, 16, p 651-660

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada

    M. Yandouzi, D. Guo & B. Jodoin

  2. Boeing Research and Technology (BR&T), St. Louis, MO, USA

    S. Gaydos

  3. Politecnico di Milano, Via G. la Masa 1, 20156, Milan, Italy

    R. Ghelichi

Authors
  1. M. Yandouzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Gaydos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. Ghelichi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. B. Jodoin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Yandouzi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yandouzi, M., Gaydos, S., Guo, D. et al. Aircraft Skin Restoration and Evaluation. J Therm Spray Tech 23, 1281–1290 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-014-0130-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-014-0130-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation