Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Microstructural Evolution and Constitutive Relationship of M350 Grade Maraging Steel During Hot Deformation

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Maraging steels exhibit extraordinary strength coupled with toughness and are therefore materials of choice for critical structural applications in defense, aerospace and nuclear engineering. Thermo-mechanical processing is an important step in the manufacture of these structural components. This process assumes significance as these materials are expensive and the mechanical properties obtained depend on the microstructure evolved during thermo-mechanical processing. In the present study, M350 grade maraging steel specimens were hot isothermally compressed in the temperature range of 900-1200 °C and in the strain rate range of 0.001-100 s−1, and true stress-true strain curves were generated. The microstructural evolution as a function of strain rate and temperature in the deformed compression specimens was studied. The effect of friction between sample and compression dies was evaluated, and the same was found to be low. The measured flow stress data was used for the development of a constitutive model to represent the hot deformation behavior of this alloy. The proposed equation can be used as an input in the finite element analysis to obtain the flow stress at any given strain, strain rate, and temperature useful for predicting the flow localization or fracture during thermo-mechanical simulation. The activation energy for hot deformation was calculated and is found to be 370.88 kJ/mol, which is similar to that of M250 grade maraging steel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R.F. Decker, J.T. Eash, and A.J. Goldman, Eighteen Percent Nickel Maraging Steel, Trans. ASM., 1962, 55, p 58–76

    Google Scholar 

  2. W. Sha, A. Cerezo, and G.D.W. Smith, Phase Chemistry and Precipitation reactions in maraging steels, Metall. Trans., 1993, 24A, p 1251–1256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. V.K. Vasudevan, S.J. Kim, and C.M. Wayman, Precipitation Reactions and Strengthening Mechanisms in Maraging Steels, Metall. Trans., 1990, 21A, p 2655–2668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J.B. Lecomte, C. Servant, and G. Cizeron, A Comparison of the Structural Evolution Occurring During Anisothermal or Isothermal Treatments in the Case of Nickel and Manganese Type Maraging Alloys, J. Mater. Sci., 1985, 20, p 3339–3352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. C. Servant and N. Bouzid, Influence of the Increasing Content of Mo on the Precipitation Phenomena Occurring During Tempering in the Maraging Alloy Fe-12Mn-9Co-5Mo, Acta Metal., 1988, 36, p 2771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. R.F. Decker and S. Floreen, Maraging Steels: Recent Developments and Applications, R.K. Wilson, Ed., Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, 1988, p 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  7. S. Floreen, The Physical Metallurgy of Maraging Steels, Metall. Rev., 1968, 13, p 115–128

    Google Scholar 

  8. D.M. Vanderwalker, The Precipitation Sequence of Ni3Ti in Co-free Maraging Steel, Metall. Trans. A, 1987, 18A, p 1191–1194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. V.K. Vasudervan, S.J. Kim, and C.M. Wayman, Precipitation Reactions and Strengthening Behavior in 18 Wt Pct Nickel Maraging Steels, Metall. Trans. A, 1990, 21A, p 2655–2668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. P.P. Sinha, K.T. Tharian, K. Sreekumar, K.V. Nagarajan, and D.S. Sarma, Effect of Aging on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cobalt free 18% (250 Grade) Maraging Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1998, 14, p 1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Floreen and G.R. Speich, Some Observations on the Strength and Toughness of Maraging Steels, Trans. ASM, 1964, 57, p 715–726

    Google Scholar 

  12. B.Z. Weiss, Speciality Steels and Hard Materials, N.R. Comous and J.B. Clark, Ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983, p 35

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Y.C. Lin, Y.-C. Xia, X.-M. Chen, and M.-S. Chen, Constitutive Descriptions for Hot Compressed 2124-T851 Aluminum Alloy Over a Wide Range of Temperature and Strain Rate, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2010, 50, p 227–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. H.J. McQueen and N.D. Ryan, Constitutive Analysis in Hot Working, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2002, 322, p 43–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. H.J. McQueen, Elevated Temperature Deformation At Forming Rates of 10−2 to 102 s−1, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2002, 33A, p 345–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Jonas, C.M. Sellars, and W.J.M.G. Tegart, Strength and Structure Under Hot-Working Conditions, Metall. Rev., 1972, 14, p 1–24 (Review 130)

    Google Scholar 

  17. C.M. Sellars and W.J.M.G. Tegart, Hot Workability, Int. Metall. Rev., 1972, 17, p 1–24 (Review 158)

    Google Scholar 

  18. C. Zener and J.H. Hollomon, Effect of Strain Rate Upon Plastic Flow of Steel, J. Appl. Phys., 1944, 15, p 22–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Y.C. Lin and X.M. Chen, A Critical Review of Experimental Results and Constitutive Descriptions for Metals and Alloys in Hot Working, Mater. Des., 2011, 32, p 1733–1759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Z. Zeng, S. Jonsson, and Y. Zhang, Constitutive Equations for Pure Titanium at Elevated Temperatures, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 505, p 116–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. A.A. Khamei and K. Dehghani, Modeling the Hot-deformation Behavior of Ni60 wt%–Ti40 wt% Intermetallic Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2010, 490, p 377–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Y.H. Xiao, C. Guo, and X.Y. Guo, Constitutive Modeling of Hot Deformation Behavior of H62 Brass, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528, p 6510–6518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J. Xiao, D.S. Li, X.Q. Li, and T.S. Deng, Constitutive Modeling and Microstructure Change of Ti–6Al–4V During the Hot Tensile Deformation, J. Alloys Compd., 2012, 541, p 346–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. G.S. Avadhani, Optimisation of Process Parameters for the Manufacturing of Rocket Casings: A Study Using Processing Maps, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2003, 12, p 609–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Jafari and A. Najafizadeh. Dynamic recrystallisation by necklace mechanism during hot deformation of 316 stainless steel. In: METAL 2008—17th International Metallurgical & Material Conference, Hradec and Moravicí, Czech Republic, May 13–15 2008.

  26. K.E. Tello, A.P. Gerlich, and P.F. Mendez, Constants for Hot Deformation Constitutive Models for Recent Experimental Data, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2010, 15(3), p 260–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hamed Mirzadeh and Abbas Najafizadeh, Hot Deformation and Dynamic Recrystallisation of 17–4 PH Stainless Steel, ISIJ International., 2013, 53, p 680–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Aghaie-Kafri and F. Adhami, Hot Deformation of 15–5 PH Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, p 1052–1057

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the support provided by Material Characterisation Division, MMG/MME toward this research work. They wish to sincerely thank Mr. K. Rangan, Technical superintendent, Gleeble Lab and Prof. G. D. Janaki Ram, Associate Professor, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras for their help in hot compression testing. They are thankful to Dr. P. V. Venkitakrishnan, Deputy Director, VSSC for his encouragement and support. They are indebted to Director, VSSC for giving his kind permission to publish this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials and Mechanical Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, 695 022, India

    K. V. A. Chakravarthi & S. V. S. Narayana Murty

  2. School of Mechanical and Civil Sciences, KL University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, 522 502, India

    K. V. A. Chakravarthi & B. Nageswara Rao

  3. Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India

    N. T. B. N. Koundinya

Authors
  1. K. V. A. Chakravarthi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. T. B. N. Koundinya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. V. S. Narayana Murty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. Nageswara Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. V. S. Narayana Murty.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chakravarthi, K.V.A., Koundinya, N.T.B.N., Narayana Murty, S.V.S. et al. Microstructural Evolution and Constitutive Relationship of M350 Grade Maraging Steel During Hot Deformation. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 26, 1174–1185 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2539-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2539-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation