Abstract
Four types of alkoxysilanes with different organosilyl groups were used for the silylation of a commercial alkylammonium-modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B). TGA, XPS, DLS, FTIR, XRD, and contact angle measurements were performed for the characterization of the silylated clays. Furthermore, the behavior of these advanced hydrophobic clays in the miniemulsion polymerization process of styrene and the characterization of nanocomposites materials were followed. The hydrophobic nature is a combined result of the length of the organic chain and of the amount of silane groups grafted onto clay edges, reflected also in the final properties of the nanocomposite latexes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bitinis N, Hernandez M, Verdejo R, Kenny JM, Lopez-Manchado MA (2011) Recent advances in clay/polymer nanocomposites. Adv Mater 23:5229–5236
Bourgeat-Lami E, Lansalot M (2010) Organic/inorganic composite latexes: the marriage of emulsion polymerization and inorganic chemistry. In: Van Herk AM, Landfester K (eds) Hybrid latex particles preparation with (mini)emulsion polymerization. Springer, Heidelberg, p 98
De Maria A, Aurora A, Montone A, Tapfer L, Pesce E, Balboni R, Schwarz M, Borriello C (2011) Synthesis and characterization of PMMA/silylated MMTs. J Nanopart Res 13:6049–6058
Donescu D, Somoghi R, Nistor CL, Ianchis R, Ghiurea M, Prodan G, Radovici C (2011) Copolymerization in dispersion of divinyl benzene–maleic anhydride in the presence of silylated montmorillonite clays. Polym Bull 68:993–1007
El-Sherif H, El-Masry M (2011) Superabsorbent nanocomposite hydrogels based on intercalation of chitosan into activated bentonite. Polym Bull 66:721–734
Faucheu J, Gauthier C, Chazeau C, Cavaille L, Mellon J-Y, Bourgeat-Lami E (2010) Miniemulsion polymerization for synthesis of structured clay/polymer nanocomposites: short review and recent advances. Polymer 51:6–17
Gusev EP, Iwai H, Kwong DL, Ozturk MC, Roozeboom F, Timans PJ, Narayanan V (2010) Advanced gate stack, source/drain, and channel engineering for Si. The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ
Herrera NN, Letoffe J-M, Putaux J-L, David L, Bourgeat-Lami E (2004) Aqueous dispersion of silane-functionalized laponite clay platelets. A first step toward the elaboration of water-based polymer/clay nanocomposites. Langmuir 20:1564–1571
Herrera NN, Putaux JL, Bourgeat-Lami E (2006) Synthesis of polymer/laponite nanocomposite latex particles via emulsion polymerization using silylated and cation exchanged laponite clay platelets. Prog Solid State Chem 34:121–137
Hu J, Chen M, Wu L (2010) Organic–inorganic nanocomposites synthesized via miniemulsion polymerization. Polym Chem 2:760–772
Ianchis R, Donescu D, Petcu C, Ghiurea M, Anghel DF, Stanga G, Marcu A (2009) Surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of silylated montmorillonite. Appl Clay Sci 45:164–170
Ianchis R, Cinteza LO, Donescu D, Petcu C, Corobea MC, Ghiurea M, Somoghi R, Spataru C (2011) Implications of silylated montmorillonite on montmorillonite polyacrylate-nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 52:96–103
Landfester K, Weiss CK (2010) Encapsulation by miniemulsion polymerization. Adv Polym Sci 229:1–49
Lungu AM, Perrin FX, Belec L, Sarbu A, Teodorescu M (2012) Kaolin/poly(acrylic acid) composites as precursors for porous kaolin ceramics. Appl Clay Sci 62–63:63–69
Mirzataheri M, Mahdavian AR, Atai M (2009) Nanocomposite particles with core–shell morphology IV: an efficient approach to the encapsulation of Cloisite 30B by poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) and preparation of its nanocomposite latex via miniemulsion polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 287:725–732
Mittal V (2010) Polymer nanocomposites by emulsion and suspension polymerization. RSC Publishing, London
Moraes RP, Santos AM, Olivelra PC, Souza FCT, Do Amoral M, Volera TS (2006) Poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate)-Brazilian montmorillonite nanocomposites, synthesis of hybrid latexes via miniemulsion polymerization. Macromol Symp 245:106–115
Owens DK, Wendt RC (1969) Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 13:1741
Paiva LB, Morales AR, Díaz FRV (2008) Organoclays: properties, preparation and applications. Appl Clay Sci 42:8–24
Piscitelli F, Posocco P, Toth R, Fermeglia M, Pricl S, Mensitieri G, Lavorgna M (2010) Sodium montmorillonite silylation: unexpected effect of the aminosilane chain length. J Colloid Interface Sci 351:108–115
Qian Z, Zhou H, Xu X, Ding Y, Zhang S, Yang M (2009) Effect of the grafted silane on the dispersion and orientation of clay in polyethylene nanocomposites. Polym Compos 30:1234–1242
Rajajeyaganthan R, Kessler F, De Mour Leal PH, Kühn S, Weibel DE (2011) Surface modification of synthetic polymers using UV photochemistry in the presence of reactive vapours. Macromol Symp 299–300:175–182
Schork FJ, Luo YW, Smulders W, Russum JP, Butte A, Fontenot K (2005) Miniemulsion polymerization. Polym Part 175:129–255
Sun QH, Deng YL, Wang ZL (2004) Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene-encapsuylate laponite composites via minimeulsion polymerization. Macromol Mater Eng 289:288–295
Suzuki S, Yanagihara K, Yamazaki S, Tanaka K, Waseda Y (2003) SIMS/XPS characterization of surface layers formed in 3 mass% Si-steel by annealing in oxygen at low partial pressure. Surf Interface Anal 35:276–281
Tong Z, Deng Y (2006) Synthesis of water-based polystyrene-nanoclay composite suspension via mini-emulsion polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:2641–2645
Utracki LA (2004) Clay containing polymeric nanocomposites. Rapra Technology, Shabury, Shrewbury, Shropshire, UK
Voorn DJ, Ming M, Van Herk AM (2006) Clay platelets encapsulated inside latex particles. Macromolecules 39:4654–4656
Wan C, Bao X, Zhao F, Kandasubramanian B, Duggan MP (2008) Morphology and properties of silane-modified montmorillonite clays and clay/PBT composites. J Appl Polym Sci 110:550–557
Wilson K, Adam L (2010) Applications of XPS to the study of inorganic compounds. In: Yarwood J, Douthwaite R, Duckett S (eds) Spectroscopic properties of inorganic and organometallic compounds. RSC Publishing, London, pp 72–86
Xu X, Ding J, Qian Z, Wang F, Wen B, Zhou H, Zhang S, Yang M (2009) Degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites during melt extrusion: effect of clay catalysis and chain extension. Polym Degrad Stab 94:113–123
Yilmaz O, Cheaburu CN, Duraccio D, Gulumser G, Vasile C (2010) Preparation of stable acrylate/montmorillonite nanocomposite latex via in situ batch emulsion polymerization: effect of clay types. Appl Clay Sci 49:288–297
Zhang J, Gupta KR, Wilkie AC (2006) Controlled silylation of montmorillonite and its polyethylene nanocomposites. Polymer 47:4537–4543
Acknowledgments
The financial support of Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding postdoctoral Grants PNII-RU No. 44 (PD_206)/2010 is gratefully acknowledged. The financial support of European Social Fund—“Cristofor I. Simionescu” Postdoctoral Fellowship Programme (ID POSDRU/89/1.5/S/55216), Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007–2013 is acknowledged. M. C. Corobea, announces the partial support of this work by a Grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI-UEFISCDI, Project Number PCCA 137/2012.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ianchis, R., Corobea, M.C., Donescu, D. et al. Advanced functionalization of organoclay nanoparticles by silylation and their polystyrene nanocomposites obtained by miniemulsion polymerization. J Nanopart Res 14, 1233 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1233-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1233-6