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Personal factors, entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurial status: A multinational study in three institutional environments

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Abstract

Based on the person-entrepreneurship fit perspective, this study examines the role of personal factors, including broad personality traits (openness, extraversion, emotional stability, and conscientiousness), narrow traits (risk-taking propensity, innovativeness, and proactiveness), and personal ability (emotional intelligence) for entrepreneurial intention and status. In this study, two samples are used with entrepreneurial intentions being analyzed among university business students and entrepreneurial status being analyzed by surveying entrepreneurs versus employees. We analyze findings in three different institutional environments (Germany, Russia, and the USA) to also identify potential effects stemming from country context. Therefore, this study offers findings for a (i) comprehensive set of personal factors on (ii) different outcomes in the entrepreneurial process in (iii) different countries. The results suggest that the role of broad personality traits for entrepreneurial outcomes is highly contextual. Also, the role of narrow traits shows some contextuality for which further theorizing is promoted—for instance, while risk-taking propensity seems to be a trait of relevance in all contexts, innovativeness and proactiveness are of different relevance in the different institutional environments. Moreover, the narrow traits that impact entrepreneurial intention and status differ considerably—for instance, innovation is of special relevance for entrepreneurial status, but less important for entrepreneurial intentions. Hence, this study contributes to our understanding not only of individual personal factors contributing to entrepreneurial intention and status but also to understanding which factors overlap for individuals who intend to start a new business and those that do so.

Zusammenfassung

In dieser Studie untersuchen wir, welche Rolle individuelle Faktoren dabei spielen ein Unternehmen gründen zu wollen (unternehmerische Intention) und tatsächlich ein Unternehmen zu gründen. Konzeptionell bauen wir die Studie auf einer Person-Entrepreneurship Fit Perspektive auf und analysieren verschiedene Arten von individuellen Faktoren, nämlich die fünf großen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (Offenheit, Extraversion, emotionale Stabilität und Gewissenhaftigkeit), für Entrepreneurship-Studien spezifische Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (Risikobereitschaft, Innovationskraft und Proaktivität) und individuelle Fähigkeiten (emotionale Intelligenz). Diese Zusammenhänge untersuchen wir in drei verschiedenen Ländern. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir zwei Arten von Daten gesammelt: Für die Analyse der unternehmerischen Intention haben wir Wirtschaftsstudenten an Universitäten befragt. Für die Analyse der Unternehmensgründungen haben wir Unternehmer und Angestellte befragt. Die Untersuchungen wurden in Deutschland, Russland und den USA durchgeführt. Da diese drei Länder sehr unterschiedliche institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen aufweisen, konnten wir zusätzliche Erkenntnisse zu den institutionellen Kontextfaktoren gewinnen. Insofern liefern wir Erkenntnisse für ein (i) umfassendes Set an individuellen Faktoren auf (ii) verschiedene unternehmerische Ergebnisse in (iii) verschiedenen Ländern. Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass die Relevanz der fünf großen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale für unternehmerische Ergebnisse sehr stark vom institutionellen Kontext abhängt. Ähnliches zeigt sich für die spezifischen Merkmale: hier offenbart sich Potenzial theoretische Erklärungsmuster zu verfeinern. So ist Risikobereitschaft zum Beispiel in allen Ländern relevant; Innovationsbereitschaft und Proaktivität sind hingegen sehr stark kontextspezifisch und von deutlich unterschiedlicher Wichtigkeit für unternehmerische Ergebnisse in den verschiedenen Ländern. Auch unterscheiden sich die Wirkungen der individuellen Faktoren auf unternehmerische Absichten und auf die tatsächliche Gründung eines Unternehmens. Es zeigt sich beispielsweise, dass Innovationskraft von besonderer Bedeutung für die tatsächliche Unternehmensgründung, aber nicht so relevant für die Bildung unternehmerischen Absichten ist. Damit liefert die Studie auch einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erklärung der Faktoren, die zwar die unternehmerische Absicht erläutern, nicht aber die tatsächliche unternehmerische Tätigkeit und vice versa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Christopher Schlaegel

  2. Lender School of Business, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, USA

    Robert L. Engle

  3. University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark

    Nicole Franziska Richter

  4. Petromax GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany

    Pia Christin Taureck

Authors
  1. Christopher Schlaegel
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  2. Robert L. Engle
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  3. Nicole Franziska Richter
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  4. Pia Christin Taureck
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicole Franziska Richter.

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Table 12 Item measure and validity assessment
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Schlaegel, C., Engle, R.L., Richter, N.F. et al. Personal factors, entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurial status: A multinational study in three institutional environments. J Int Entrep 19, 357–398 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-021-00287-7

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