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A resource-based conservation approach for an endangered ecotone species: the Ilex Hairstreak (Satyrium ilicis) in Flanders (north Belgium)

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Abstract

Ecotones are often species-rich and harbour specific resources and environmental conditions for invertebrates. Despite their functional significance for conservation, they are often not explicitly included in biotope typologies relevant to conservation policy and management (e.g., the European Habitats Directive). The Ilex Hairstreak (Satyrium ilicis) is a species of European conservation concern and a typical ecotone species inhabiting gradients from open (e.g., heathland, grassland) to closed vegetation (e.g., woodland). Here, we investigated its occurrence and habitat use at different spatial scales in Flanders (north Belgium). At a regional scale, species distribution modelling predicted 1,152 grid cells of 1 × 1 km2 to be suitable of which 190 were presumed to occur within colonization capacity (±2.5 km). At a local scale, adult butterflies were more abundant on sites sheltered by bushes and small trees and with nectar sources in the vicinity of tall oak trees (mate locating sites). For egg-laying, females preferred oaks of intermediate height (50–150 cm) with many low branches at some distance from the nearest woodland edge (12 m). Additionally, Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) was abundant as well as a herb layer of 10–15 cm. 73 % of the eggs were parasitized and parasitism occurred more often within sites where small oaks were very abundant. Making use of our results, we suggest conservation measures at different scales for this endangered ecotone species: policy measures at a regional level to delineate functional conservation units and local management measures using a resource-based approach.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the many volunteers who helped with the surveys and to the wardens of the National Park Hoge Kempen (Jos Gorissen) and the Visbeek-Kindernouw nature reserve (Werner De Kinderen) who kindly gave us access to the respective areas. Part of the study was financed by the Agency for Nature and Forest (ANB—Flemish Government) as a species action plan for the Ilex Hairstreak in Flanders (north Belgium). We also thank two anonymous reviewers and Marc Pollet for useful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

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  1. Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, 1070, Brussels, Belgium

    Dirk Maes, Natascha Segers, Toon Van Daele & Guy Laurijssens

  2. Natuurpunt, Coxiestraat 11, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium

    Ilf Jacobs & Wouter Vanreusel

  3. Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5 Bte L.7.07.04, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Hans Van Dyck

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  1. Dirk Maes
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Correspondence to Dirk Maes.

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Maes, D., Jacobs, I., Segers, N. et al. A resource-based conservation approach for an endangered ecotone species: the Ilex Hairstreak (Satyrium ilicis) in Flanders (north Belgium). J Insect Conserv 18, 939–950 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-014-9702-0

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