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The Effects of Social Factors and Kinship on Co-sleeping of Black-and-Gold Howler Monkeys (Alouatta caraya)

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Abstract

Group cohesion at sleeping sites may have multiple functions in nonhuman primates, such as facilitating behavioral thermoregulation, social interactions, and reducing the risk of predation. Social, genetic, and ecological factors influence association patterns during sleeping. We explored the effects of sex, age class, association during diurnal activities (feeding, moving, resting, and social interactions including play, grooming and howling), and kinship on sleeping cluster associations in a wild population of black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya). We collected behavioral data (mean = 471 ± SD 34 observation hours/study group) and 29 fecal samples for genetic analysis from four groups inhabiting San Cayetano (27°30′S–58°41′W), Corrientes, Argentina, for 1 yr (June 2012–May 2013). Our results showed that black-and-gold howlers preferred to sleep in clusters, and that the composition of these clusters was affected by age class, diurnal social interactions, and kinship. The probability of sleeping in clusters decreased with increasing age of the individual. Association during daytime activities (feeding, moving, and resting) was a significant predictor of nocturnal grouping. Dyads composed of mother–offspring, siblings, and individuals that were not closely related to one another showed a high frequency of association for nocturnal sleep. Father–offspring dyads did not show statistically significant values of nocturnal associations. This study highlights the social function of sleeping in clusters and suggests that primates develop a set of strategies that favor social affiliative relationships between individuals in a nocturnal context.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to our field assistants and professionals and technicians of the EBCo for their help in the collection of data: Ramon Martinez, Teodoro Martinez, Matildo Martinez, Luciana Ramos, Yohanna Rodríguez, Sabrina van Remoortere, M. Laura Gelín, Dario Fergnani, Sofia Pérez Salles, Luciana B. Boccolini, and Vanessa Manrique Bustamante. We thank Ilaria Agostini for constructive comments and editorial corrections. We thank Daniel Corach of the SHDG, FFyB-UBA for access to the laboratory to perform the molecular analysis. We thank the editors and reviewers for their contributions on earlier drafts of the manuscript. This project was supported by ABS Developing Nations Award to MVB and doctoral fellowship CONICET to MVB. LIO, MK, and MFP are members of Carrera de Investigador Científico CONICET. MK thanks Bruno K for helping him to disentangle primate sleeping patterns. MVB thanks Lorenzo CB for his patience and love.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina

    Melina V. Brividoro

  2. Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Universidad Nacional de Misiones, CONICET, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina

    Luciana I. Oklander

  3. INICSA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    Verónica I. Cantarelli & Marina F. Ponzio

  4. Cátedra de Etología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Héctor R. Ferrari

  5. Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), CCT Nordeste, CONICET, San Cayetano, Corrientes, Argentina

    Martin M. Kowalewski

Authors
  1. Melina V. Brividoro
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  2. Luciana I. Oklander
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  3. Verónica I. Cantarelli
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  4. Marina F. Ponzio
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  5. Héctor R. Ferrari
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  6. Martin M. Kowalewski
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Contributions

MVB, MMK, LIO, and HRF originally formulated the idea; MVB conducted fieldwork; MVB, MMK, VIC, and MFP analyzed the data; MVB, MMK, LIO, HRF, VIC, and MFP wrote the manuscript

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melina V. Brividoro.

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Handling Editor: Joanna M. Setchell.

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Brividoro, M.V., Oklander, L.I., Cantarelli, V.I. et al. The Effects of Social Factors and Kinship on Co-sleeping of Black-and-Gold Howler Monkeys (Alouatta caraya). Int J Primatol 42, 876–895 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00246-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00246-y

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