Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between children’s mathematics performance and physical health using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (ECLS-K 2011). A two-level hierarchical growth curve model was used to explore the relationships between childhood mathematics performance and childhood health taking moderator effects into consideration. The study results indicate that higher body mass index relates to higher kindergarten mathematics performance, holding all else constant. The results of this study have implications for educators, parents, and health providers in understanding the relationship between mathematics performance and health indicators.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adaili, M. A., Mohamed, A. G., & Alkhashan, H. (2016). Association of overweight and obesity with decline in academic performance among female high-school students, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. EMHJ—Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 22(12), 887–893.
Afzal, A. S., & Gortmaker, S. (2015). The relationship between obesity and cognitive performance in children: A longitudinal study. Childhood Obesity, 11(4), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2014.0129
Aikens, N. L., & Barbarin, O. (2008). Socioeconomic differences in reading trajectories: The contribution of family, neighborhood, and school contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.2.235
Aimé, A., Villatte, A., Cyr, C., & Marcotte, D. (2017a). Can weight predict academic performance in college students? An analysis of college women’s self-efficacy, absenteeism, and depressive symptoms as mediators. Journal of American College Health, 65(3), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1266639
Alvarado, S. E. (2016). Neighborhood disadvantage and obesity across childhood and adolescence: Evidence from the NLSY children and young adults’ cohort (1986–2010). Social Science Research, 57, 80–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.01.008
Andriani, H., Liao, C. Y., & Kuo, H. W. (2015). Parental weight changes as key predictors of child weight changes. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 645. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2005-x
Annesi, J. J., Johnson, P. H., & McEwen, K. L. (2015). Changes in self-efficacy for exercise and improved nutrition fostered by increased self-regulation among adults with obesity. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 36(5), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-015-0398-z
Asirvatham, J., Thomsen, M. R., & Nayga, R. M., Jr. (2019). Childhood obesity and academic performance among elementary public school children. Educational Research, 61(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2019.1568199
Bandura, A. (Ed.). (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentive perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
Barrigas, C., & Fragoso, I. (2012). Obesity, academic performance and reasoning ability in Portuguese students between 6 and 12 years old. Journal of Biosocial Science, 44(2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932011000538
Bektas, İ, Kudubeş, A. A., Ayar, D., & Bektas, M. (2021). Predicting the healthy lifestyle behaviors of Turkish adolescents based on their health literacy and self-efficacy levels. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.01.016
Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children, 7(2), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602387
Bullock, A., Sheff, K., Moore, K., & Manson, S. (2017). Obesity and overweight in American Indian and Alaska Native children, 2006–2015. American Journal of Public Health, 107(9), 1502–1507. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303904
Caird, J., Kavanagh, J., Oliver, K., Oliver, S., O’Mara, A., Stansfield, C., & Thomas, J. (2011). Childhood obesity and educational attainment: A systematic review. EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Portals/0/Obesity%20and%20Attainment_R2011_CairdJ_Web.pdf?ver=2011-03-10-144137-740
Carissimi, A., Adan, A., Tonetti, L., Fabbri, M., Hidalgo, M. P., Levandovski, R., Vincenzo, N., & Martoni, M. (2017). Physical self-efficacy is associated to body mass index in schoolchildren. Jornal De Pediatria, 93(1), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2016.04.011
Chatterji, M. (2005). Achievement gaps and correlates of early mathematics achievement: Evidence from the ECLS K- first grade sample. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 13(46), 1–38.
Chen, J. L., & Kwan, M. (2016). Short-term efficacy and correlates of change in health weight management program for Chinese American children. Clinical Pediatrics, 55(5), 463–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922815592608
Chen, L. J., Fox, K. R., Ku, P., & Wang, C. (2012). A longitudinal study of childhood obesity, weight status change, and subsequent academic performance in Taiwanese children. Journal of School Health, 82(9), 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00718.x
Chooi, Y. C., Ding, C., & Magkos, F. (2019). The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism, 92, 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005
Chriqui, J. F. (2013). Obesity prevention policies in US states and localities: Lessons from the field. Current Obesity Reports, 2(3), 200–210.
Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State. (2020). Parents’ educational levels influence on child educational outcomes: Rapid literature review [Literature Review]. Author. https://militaryfamilies.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Parents-Educational-Levels-Influence-on-Child-Educational-Outcomes.20Jan06.final_.pdf
Cleary, T. J., & Kitsantas, A. (2017). Motivation and self-regulated learning influences on middle school mathematics achievement. School Psychology Review, 46(1), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2017.12087607
Cleland, V., McNeilly, B., Crawford, D., & Ball, K. (2013). Obesity prevention programs and policies: Practitioner and policy-maker perceptions of feasibility and effectiveness. Obesity, 21(9), E448–E455.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
Cournot, M. C. M. J., Marquie, J. C., Ansiau, D., Martinaud, C., Fonds, H., Ferrieres, J., & Ruidavets, J. B. (2006). Relation between body mass index and cognitive function in healthy middle-aged men and women. Neurology, 67(7), 1208–1214. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000238082.13860.50
Daniels, S. R., Khoury, P. R., & Morrison, J. A. (1997). The utility of body mass index as a measure of body fatness in children and adolescents: Differences by race and gender. Pediatrics, 99(6), 804–807. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.6.804
Datar, A., Sturm, R., & Magnabosco, J. L. (2004). Childhood overweight and academic performance: National study of kindergartners and first-graders. Obesity Research, 12(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.9
Davis-Kean, P. E. (2005). The influence of parent education and family income on child achievement: The indirect role of parental expectations and the home environment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 294. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.294
Demirci, N., Demirci, P. T., & Demirci, E. (2017). The effect of school-based exercise practices of 9–11 year old girls students on obesity and health-related quality of life. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(8), 1323–1331. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050805
Diep, C. S., Baranowski, T., & Kimbro, R. T. (2017). Acculturation and weight change in Asian-American children: Evidence from the ECLS-K:2011. Preventive Medicine, 99, 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.03.019
Dubow, E. F., Boxer, P., & Huesmann, L. R. (2009). Long-term effects of parents’ education on children’s educational and occupational success: Mediation by family interactions, child aggression, and teenage aspirations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55(3), 224. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0030
Evans, D., & Field, A. P. (2020). Predictors of mathematical attainment trajectories across the primary-to-secondary education transition: Parental factors and the home environment. Royal Society Open Science, 7, 200422. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200422
Evans, G. W., & Kantrowitz, E. (2002). Socioeconomic status and health: The potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annual Review of Public Health, 23(1), 303–331. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349
Federal Interagency Forum on Child Family Statistics. (2019). America's children: Key national indicators of well-being, 2019. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED599946&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=current&groupid=main&authtype=shib
Fruehwirth, J. C., & Gagete-Miranda, J. (2019). Your peers’ parents: Spillovers from parental education. Economics of Education Review, 73, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.101910
Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., & Afful, J. (2020). Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960–1962 through 2017–2018. NCHS Health E-Stats. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity-child-17-18/obesity-child.htm
Gray, W. N., Simon, S. L., Janicke, D. M., & Dumont-Driscoll, M. (2011). Moderators of weight-based stigmatization among youth who are overweight and non-overweight: The role of gender, race, and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(2), 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182099754
Greeff, J. W., Hartman, E., Mullender-Wijnsma, M. J., Bosker, R. J., Doolaard, S., & Visscher, C. (2014). Physical fitness and academic performance in primary school children with and without a social disadvantage. Health Education Research, 29(5), 853–860. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu043
Guardabassi, V., & Tomasetto, C. (2020). Weight status or weight stigma? Obesity stereotypes—Not excess weight—Reduce working memory in school-aged children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 189, 104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104706
Hair, E., Halle, T., Terry-Humen, E., Lavelle, B., & Calkins, J. (2006). Children’s school readiness in the ECLS-K: Predictions to academic, health, and social outcomes in first grade. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 21(4), 431–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.09.005
Ice, C. L., Neal, W. A., & Cottrell, L. (2014). Parental efficacy and role responsibility for assisting in child’s healthful behaviors. Education and Urban Society, 46(6), 699–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124512468004
Judge, S., & Jahns, L. (2007). Association of overweight with academic performance and social and behavioral problems: An update from the early childhood longitudinal study. Journal of School Health, 77(10), 672–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00250.x
Khanal, S., Choi, L., Innes-Hughes, C., & Rissel, C. (2019). Dose response relationship between program attendance and children’s outcomes in a community based weight management program for children and their families. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 716. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7094-5
Kids Health from Nemours. (2019). Body Mass Index (BMI) Charts. Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/bmi-charts.html
Komarraju, M., & Nadler, D. (2013). Self-efficacy and academic achievement: Why do implicit beliefs, goals, and effort regulation matter? Learning and Individual Differences, 25, 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.005
Kranjac, A. W. (2015). The moderating effect of self-efficacy on normal-weight, overweight, and obese children’s math achievement: A longitudinal analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.01.007
Kranjac, A. W., Denney, J. T., Kimbro, R. T., Moffett, B. S., & Lopez, K. N. (2019). Child obesity and the interaction of family and neighborhood socioeconomic context. Population Research and Policy Review, 38(3), 347–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-018-9504-2
Krueger, P. M., & Reither, E. N. (2015). Mind the gap: Race/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity. Current Diabetes Reports, 15(11), 95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0666-6
Kung, H. Y., & Lee, C. Y. (2016). Multidimensionality of parental involvement and children’s mathematics achievement in Taiwan: Mediating effect of math self-efficacy. Learning and Individual Differences, 47, 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.02.004
Lanigan, J. (2014). Physical activity for young children: A quantitative study of child care providers’ knowledge, attitudes, and health promotion practices. Early Childhood Education Journal, 42(1), 11–18.
Liu, J., Peng, P., & Luo, L. (2020). The relation between family socioeconomic status and academic achievement in China: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 32(1), 49–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09494-0
Ludwig, J., Sanbonmatsu, L., Gennetian, L., Adam, E., Duncan, G. J., Katz, L. F., et al. (2011). Neighborhoods, obesity, and diabetes—A randomized social experiment. New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 1509–1519. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1103216
Luhar, S., Timæus, I. M., Jones, R., Cunningham, S., Patel, S. A., Kinra, S., Clarke, L., & Houben, R. (2020). Forecasting the prevalence of overweight and obesity in India to 2040. PLoS ONE, 15(2), e0229438. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229438
Lv, B., Lv, L., Bai, C., & Luo, L. (2020). Body mass index and academic achievement in Chinese elementary students: The mediating role of peer acceptance. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104593
Maas, C. J. M., & Hox, J. J. (2004a). The influence of violations of assumptions on multilevel parameter estimates and their standard errors. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 46, 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2003.08.006
Maas, C. J. M., & Hox, J. J. (2004b). Robustness issues in multilevel regression analysis. Statistica Neerlandica, 58(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0039-0402.2003.00252.x
Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2006). Social support as a buffer in the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic performance. School Psychology Quarterly, 21(4), 375–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084129
Maximova, K., Khan, M. K., Austin, S. B., Kirk, S. F., & Veugelers, P. J. (2015). The role of underestimating body size for self-esteem and self-efficacy among grade five children in Canada. Annals of Epidemiology, 25(10), 753–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.07.009
Muller, C. (2018). Parent involvement and academic achievement: An analysis of family resources available to the child. In B. Schneider & J. S. Coleman (Eds.), Parents, their children, and schools (pp. 77–113). Westview Press.
Munsell, E. P., Kilmer, R. P., Vishnevsky, T., Cook, J. R., & Markley, L. M. (2016). Practical disadvantage, socioeconomic status, and psychological well-being within families of children with severe emotional disturbance. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(9), 2832–2842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0449-y
Muntaner-Mas, A., Palou, P., Vidal-Conti, J., & Esteban-Cornejo, I. (2018). A mediation analysis on the relationship of physical fitness components, obesity, and academic performance in children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 198, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.02.068
National Assessment of Educational Progress. (2004). The nation’s report card: Mathematics highlights 2003 (Rep. No. NCES2004-451). Jessup, MD: United States Department of Education. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2003/2004451.pdf
O’Connell, M. (2019). Is the impact of SES on educational performance overestimated? Evidence from the PISA survey. Intelligence, 75, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.04.005
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2012). Prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States, 1999–2010. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307(5), 806–814. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.40
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. Journal of American Medical Association, 311(8), 806–814. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.732
Ogunsile, S. E. (2012). The effect of dietary pattern and body mass index on the academic performance of in-school adolescents. International Education Studies, 5(6), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n6p65
Ohri-Vachaspati, P., Acciai, F., DeLia, D., Lloyd, K., & Yedidia, M. J. (2019). Accuracy of parent-measured and parent-estimated heights and weights in determining child weight status. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(8), 793–795. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1545
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009). The stigma of obesity: a review and update. Obesity, 17(5), 941–964. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.636
Qi, S., Qin, Z., Wang, N., Tse, L. A., Qiao, H., & Xu, F. (2020). Association of academic performance, general health with health-related quality of life in primary and high school students in China. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01590-y
Rahelić, V., Głąbska, D., Guzek, D., Pavić, E., RumoraSamarin, I., Bogdanić, A., Špehar, U. A., RojnićPutarek, N., & Krnić, N. (2020). Role of parents in body mass reduction in children with obesity—adherence and success of 1-year participation in an intervention program. Medicina, 56(4), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56040168
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Sage.
Roberts, C. K., Freed, B., & McCarthy, W. J. (2010). Low aerobic fitness and obesity are associated with lower standardized test scores in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 156(5), 711–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.039
Roberts, G., & Bryant, D. (2011). Early mathematics achievement trajectories: English-language learner and native English-speaker estimates, using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 916–930. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023865
Robinson, S. (2006). Victimization of obese adolescents. Journal of School Nursing, 22(4), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405050220040301
Rosengren, A., Skoog, I., Gustafson, D., & Wilhelmsen, L. (2005). Body mass index, other cardiovascular risk factors, and hospitalization for dementia. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(3), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.3.321
Scheiber, C., Reynolds, M. R., Hajovsky, D. B., & Kaufman, A. S. (2015). Gender differences in achievement in a large, nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 52(4), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21827
Schiel, R., Kaps, A., Stein, G., & Steveling, A. (2016). Identification of predictors for weight reduction in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity (IDA-Insel Survey). In Healthcare (Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 5). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (2007). Actions necessary to prevent childhood obesity: Creating the climate for change. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 35(1), 78–89.
Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
Sigfúsdóttir, I. D., Kristjánsson, A. L., & Allegrante, J. P. (2007). Health behavior and academic achievement in Icelandic school children. Health Education Research, 22(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyl044
Sikorski, C., Luppa, M., Angermeyer, M. C., Schomerus, G., Link, B., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2015). The association of BMI and social distance towards obese individuals is mediated by sympathy and understanding. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.01.002
Sirin, S. R. (2005). Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review of research. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 417–453. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003417
Skinner, A. C., Ravanbakht, S. N., Skelton, J. A., Perrin, E. M., & Armstrong, S. C. (2018). Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999–2016. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3459
Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. SAGE.
Staiano, A. E., Beyl, R. A., Hsia, D. S., Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Newton, R. L., Jr. (2017). Twelve weeks of dance exergaming in overweight and obese adolescent girls: Transfer effects on physical activity, screen time, and self-efficacy. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 6(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.11.005
Strauss, R. S., & Pollack, H. A. (2003). Social marginalization of overweight children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(8), 746–752. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.8.746
Swallen, K. C., Reither, E. N., Haas, S. A., & Meier, A. M. (2005). Overweight, obesity, and health-related quality of life among adolescents: The national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Pediatrics, 115(2), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0678
Taras, H., & Potts-Datema, W. (2005). Obesity and academic performance at school. Journal of School Health, 75(8), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00040.x
Teixeira, P. J., Silva, M. N., Coutinho, S. R., Palmeira, A. L., Mata, J., Vieira, P. N., & Sardinha, L. B. (2010). Mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle-aged women. Obesity, 18(4), 725–735. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.281
Telford, R. D., et al. (2012). Physical education, obesity, and academic achievement: A 2-year longitudinal investigation of Australian elementary school children. American Journal of Public Health, 102(2), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300220
Topçu, M. S., Erbilgin, E., & Arikan, S. (2016). Factors predicting Turkish and Korean students’ science and mathematics achievement in TIMSS 2011. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(7), 1711–1737. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2016.1530a
Tourangeau, K., Nord, C., Lê, T., Sorongon, A.G., Hagedorn, M. C., Daly, P., & Najarian, M. (2015). Early childhood longitudinal study, kindergarten class of 2010–11 (ECLS-K: 2011). User’s manual for the ECLS-K: 2011 kindergarten data file and electronic codebook, public version. NCES 2015-074. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED566378.pdf
Tsiros, M. D., Olds, T., Buckley, J. D., Grimshaw, P., Brennan, L., Walkley, J., Hills, A. P., Howe, P. R. C., & Coates, A. M. (2009). Health-related quality of life in obese children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 33(4), 387. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.42
United States Census Bureau. (2011, March 24). 2010 Census shows America’s diversity. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn125.html
United States Census Bureau. (2020, August 12). 2020 U.S. population more racially and ethnically diverse than measured in 2010. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html
Van Buuren, S. (2011). Multiple imputation of multilevel data. In J. Hox & J. K. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of advanced multilevel analysis (pp. 173–196). Psychology Press.
Wang, J., Sereika, S. M., Styn, M. A., & Burke, L. E. (2013). Factors associated with health-related quality of life among overweight or obese adults. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 2172–2182. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12280
Wang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2006). Are American children and adolescents of low socioeconomic status at increased risk of obesity? Changes in the association between overweight and family income between 1971 and 2002. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(4), 707–716.
Wang, Z., Soden, B., Deater-Deckard, K., Lukowski, S. L., Schenker, V. J., Willcutt, E. G., Thompson, L. A., & Petrill, S. A. (2017). Development in reading and math in children from different SES backgrounds: The moderating role of child temperament. Developmental Science, 20(3), e12380. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12380
Wennberg, M., Gustafsson, P. E., Wennberg, P., & Hammarström, A. (2015). Poor breakfast habits in adolescence predict the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Public Health Nutrition, 18(1), 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013003509
Williams, Y. V., Cowan, P. A., & Graff, J. C. (2020). Depressive symptoms, body mass index, and physical activity self-efficacy in African American children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2580–2589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01761-x
World Health Organization (WHO). (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: WHO technical report series, 894. https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/
Wu, N., Chen, Y., Yang, J., & Li, F. (2017). Childhood obesity and academic performance: The role of working memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00611
Zametkin, A. J., Zoon, C. K., Klein, H. W., & Munson, S. (2004). Psychiatric aspects of child and adolescent obesity: A review of the past 10 years. Focus, 43(4), 134–641. https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.2.4.625
Zhang, B. (2018). Water consumption of children in Head Start classrooms Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Central Florida.
Zhang, J., Yi, Z. H. A. I., Feng, X. Q., Li, W. R., Lyu, Y. B., Astell-Burt, T., Zhao, P. Y., & Shi, X. M. (2018). Gender differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, associated behaviors, and weight-related perceptions in a national survey of primary school children in China. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 31(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2018.001
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-efficacy: An essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1016
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest in this study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Y., Hahs-Vaughn, D.L. & Bai, H. The Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Children’s Mathematics Performance: A Growth Curve Model. Early Childhood Educ J 51, 89–104 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01283-1
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01283-1