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Stream response to an extreme drought-induced defoliation event

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Abstract

We assessed stream ecosystem-level response to a drought-induced defoliation event by gypsy moth caterpillars (Lymantria dispar) with high-frequency water quality sensors. The defoliation event was compared to the prior year of data. Based on long-term records of precipitation and drought indices, the drought of 2015–2016 in Rhode Island, USA was an extreme climatic event that preceded and likely precipitated the defoliation from insect infestation. Canopy cover in the riparian area was reduced by over 50% increasing light availability which warmed the stream and stimulated autotrophic activity. Frass and leaf detritus contributed particulate carbon and organic nutrients to the stream. Based on locally calibrated s::can spectro::lyser data, nitrate concentration and flux did not significantly increase during defoliation while orthophosphate concentration and flux did significantly increase during part of the defoliation period. Lower mean daily dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and wider diel cycles of DO indicated higher biological activity during the defoliation event. Stream metabolism metrics were also significantly higher during defoliation and pointed to heterotrophic activity dominating in the stream. The increases in stream metabolism were low compared to other studies; in streams with higher nutrient levels (e.g., in agricultural or urban watersheds) the increase in light and temperature could have a stronger influence on stream metabolism. The in-stream metabolic processes and nutrient fluxes observed in response to the drought-driven defoliation event resulted from the long-term deployment of high-frequency water sensors. The proliferation of these water sensors now enable studies that assess ecosystem responses to stochastic, unusual disturbances.

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Abbreviations

DO:

Dissolved oxygen

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon

ER:

Ecosystem respiration

ET:

Evapotranspiration

GPP:

Gross primary productivity

PDSI:

Palmer drought stress index

Q:

Discharge

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Acknowledgements

We thank the undergraduate and graduate students who were instrumental in installing and maintaining the water quality sensors in the field, collecting grab and storm samples, and conducting QA/QC of the data: Mason Garfield, Nicole Stevens-Murphy, Sarah Frazar, Matthew Wallace, Matt Dunn, Frances Vazques, Jon Aguire, Josh Sargent and Ian Armitstead. We appreciate Autumn Oczkowski, Roxanne Johnson, Soni Pradhanhang, and Hichem Hadjeres for analyzing DOC samples. We thank Erin Seybold for assistance with the DOC calibration. Emily Bernhardt and Aaron Berdanier were integral to our stream metabolism computations, completed through the StreamPULSE Network, with funding provided by the National Science Foundation Macrosystems program (NSF Grant EF-1442439). We thank Britta Chambers for watershed delineation and Bill Buffum for defoliation orthophoto analysis. We also appreciate the use of Providence Water’s property for site installation. Support for this project was provided by the National Science Foundation under RI EPSCoR NEWRnet Grant No. IIA-1330406 and Multi-State Regional Hatch Project S-1063 (Contribution #5469 of the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, One Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA

    Kelly Addy, Arthur J. Gold, Joseph A. Loffredo & D. Q. Kellogg

  2. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA

    Andrew W. Schroth & William B. Bowden

  3. University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

    Shreeram P. Inamdar

  4. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

    François Birgand

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  1. Kelly Addy
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Correspondence to Kelly Addy.

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Addy, K., Gold, A.J., Loffredo, J.A. et al. Stream response to an extreme drought-induced defoliation event. Biogeochemistry 140, 199–215 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0485-3

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