Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that both copper amine oxidase (CuAO; EC 1.4.3.6) and phospholipase D (PLD; EC 3.1.4.4) are involved in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. In this study, we investigated the interaction between CuAO and PLD in the ABA response. Pretreatment with either CuAO or PLD inhibitors alone or that with both additively led to impairment of ABA-induced H2O2 production and stomatal closure in Vicia faba. ABA-stimulated PLD activation could not be inhibited by the CuAO inhibitor, and CuAO activity was not affected by the PLD inhibitor. These data suggest that CuAO and PLD act independently in the ABA response. To further examine PLD and CuAO activities in ABA responses, we used the Arabidopsis mutants cuaoζ and pldα1. Ablation of guard cell-expressed CuAOζ or PLDα1 gene retarded ABA-induced H2O2 generation and stomatal closure. As a product of PLD, phosphatidic acid (PA) substantially enhanced H2O2 production and stomatal closure in wide type, pldα1, and cuaoζ. Moreover, putrescine (Put), a substrate of CuAO as well as an activator of PLD, induced H2O2 production and stomatal closure in WT but not in both mutants. These results suggest that CuAO and PLD act independently in ABA-induced stomatal closure.
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This work was supported by grants from NSFC (91117003, 31171461) to W. Zhang and (31100194) to Q. Zhang.
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Fig. S1 Inhibition of CuAO activity has no effect on ABA-promoted PLD activity in Vicia faba leaves a ABA promoted PLD activity. PLD activity was measured at different times after 100 μM ABA was sprayed on leaves. b BEA had no effect on ABA-induced elevation of PLD activity. PLD activity was measured 20 min after 100 μM ABA was sprayed with or without BEA. The data are presented as the mean ± SE (n = 5). Values with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 based on Duncan’s multiple range test.
Fig. S2 The homology tree and gene structure of the CuAO family in Arabidopsis. a The alignment used for homology was produced with CLUSTAL W2 and manually fine-tuned using the DNAMAN software. b Gene structure of Arabidopsis CuAO. Exons and introns are represented by filled blue boxes and lines, respectively. Filled green boxes are untranslated regions.
Fig. S3 Changes of stomatal aperture in response to H2O2 and Ca2+. The epidermal peels of WT, cuaoζ and OE were incubated with 50 μM ABA, 500 μM Put, 100 μM H2O2 or 500 μM Ca2+. Stomatal apertures were measured after 2 h of treatment. The data are presented as the mean ± SE (n = 3). Values with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 based on Duncan’s multiple range test.
Fig. S4 Put activates PLDα1 activity in Arabidopsis. a Time course of Put-induced PLD activation in seedlings. Wide-type seedlings were treated with 200 μM Put for various times. b Western blotting of PLDα1 protein using a PLDα1-specific antibody after Put treatment, as indicated in a. c Dose dependence of Put-induced PLDα1 activation in vitro. The recombinant PLDα1 protein tagged with glutathione S-transferase (GST) at the N terminal was purified and incubated with 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mM Put for 30 min before PLD activity assay. d Activation of PLDα1 activity by different polyamines in vitro. Put, putrescine; Spd, spermidine; Spm, spermine. The asterisks in a indicate that the mean value is significantly different from that of the control at the same time point at P < 0.05 based on Student’s t test. The data in c and d are presented as the mean ± SE (n = 3). Values with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 based on Duncan’s multiple range test.
Fig. S5 Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) of ABA-responsive genes. Seven-day-old seedlings of WT and cuaoζ were treated with 100 μM ABA for 2 h in liquid MS medium before extraction of total RNA. The data are presented as the mean ± SE (n = 3). Values with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 based on Duncan’s multiple range test.
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Qu, Y., An, Z., Zhuang, B. et al. Copper amine oxidase and phospholipase D act independently in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba and Arabidopsis. J Plant Res 127, 533–544 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-014-0633-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-014-0633-3