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Die rheumatische Instabilität der Halswirbelsäule

Diagnostik und therapeutische Strategien

Rheumatoid instability in the cervical spine

Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die zervikale Manifestation der rheumatoiden Arthritis (RA) ist auch im Zeitalter der Biologika weiterhin von klinischer Bedeutung. Die typischen pathophysiologischen Veränderungen reichen von der isolierten atlantoaxialen Subluxation bis hin zur komplexen kraniozervikalen oder subaxialen Instabilität. Das Auftreten einer zervikalen Myelopathie ist in jedem Stadium möglich und für den Betroffenen mit einer deutlichen Verschlechterung der weiteren Prognose verbunden.

Therapie

Die Therapie der rheumatischen Halswirbelsäule hat neben der Verbesserung der subjektiven Beschwerdesymptomatik vor allem den Stopp des progredienten Krankheitsverlaufs zum Ziel. Letzteres ist bei bereits bestehender Instabilität nur durch eine operative Behandlung möglich. Durch den zunehmenden Einsatz der Biologika haben sich die klinischen Erscheinungsbilder in der täglichen Praxis verändert. Patienten mit einer isolierten atlantoaxialen Instabilität sind seltener geworden. Dafür rücken Patienten mit komplexen rheumatischen Deformitäten und neurologischen Problemen vermehrt in den klinischen Fokus. Bei fortgeschrittenen zervikalen Destruktionen sind langstreckige Fusionen vom Okziput bis in die obere BWS notwendig. Die aktuellen operativen Techniken ermöglichen diese komplexen Eingriffe auch bei fortgeschrittenem Krankheitsverlauf und erhöhter Komorbidität des RA-Patienten.

Abstract

Background

The involvement of the cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) continues to be of clinical importance even in this age of biologics. Pathophysiological changes begin with an isolated atlantoaxial subluxation and may progress to a complex craniocervical and subaxial instability. The onset of cervical myelopathy can occur at any time and leads to a deterioration of the prognosis for the patient.

Therapy

Treatment of the rheumatoid cervical spine should be aimed at improvement of the symptoms and prevention of further progress of the disease. In the case of instability, this is only possible by surgical treatment. The increasing usage of biological agents has led to a change in the clinical picture of the cervical involvement in RA patients. There are fewer patients presenting with isolated atlantoaxial instability. In contrast, the number of patients with complex craniocervical and/or subaxial instabilities is increasing. Complex cervical instabilities may require a longer fusion from the occiput to the upper thoracic spine. Modern operative techniques make this complex surgery also possible in severely disabled patients with a high comorbidity.

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Abbreviations

AAS:

Atlantoaxiale Subluxation

ACDF:

„Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion“

ADD:

Atlantodentale Distanz

BMI:

Body-Mass-Index

BWS:

Brustwirbelsäule

CD:

„Cluster of differentiation“

CT:

Computertomographie

CTLA4:

„Cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte-associated Protein 4“

HWK:

Halswirbelkörper

HWS:

Halswirbelsäule

IL:

Interleukin

MEP:

Motorisch evozierte Potenziale

MRT:

Magnetresonanztomographie

RA:

Rheumatoide Arthritis

SAS:

Subaxiale Subluxation

SSEP:

Somatosensibel evozierte Potenziale

TNF:

Tumornekrosefaktor

VT:

Vertikale Translokation

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Correspondence to R. Kothe.

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Kothe, R. Die rheumatische Instabilität der Halswirbelsäule. Orthopäde 47, 489–495 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-018-3563-2

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