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Field bioassays of cerambycid pheromones reveal widespread parsimony of pheromone structures, enhancement by host plant volatiles, and antagonism by components from heterospecifics

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Abstract

Recent research has revealed extensive pheromonal parsimony within the large beetle family Cerambycidae, with closely related species producing the same or very similar pheromone components. This article summarizes research that evaluated attraction of cerambycids to individual pheromone components, blends of pheromone components, and combinations of pheromones with host plant volatiles. Field bioassays were carried out, in collaboration with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and the USDA Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey program, in 10–25 counties of Pennsylvania over 3 years. A total of 15,438 cerambycids of 134 species were captured, including two exotic species. Semiochemical lures attracted significant numbers of beetles in species of the subfamilies Cerambycinae, Lamiinae, and Spondylidinae, but were not attractive to species in the Lepturinae, Parandrinae, and Prioninae. These experiments reconfirmed the behavioral roles of semiochemicals for a number of species that have been studied previously, and yielded new information about semiochemistry of several species. The host plant volatile α-pinene enhanced attraction of species that were conifer specialists, whereas ethanol enhanced attraction of some species of hardwood specialists. The data suggest that species which share dominant pheromone components avoid cross attraction by differing in seasonal activity period, and by antagonistic effects of minor pheromone components on attraction of heterospecifics. This study further supports the concept that with careful choice of components, multiple pheromones can be deployed as single blends, and paired with host plant volatiles, to maximize the number and taxonomic diversity of cerambycid beetles that are attracted to a single lure, so that the number of different lures that must be deployed can be minimized.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Sven-Erik Spichiger for organizing and overseeing the field bioassays and identification of specimens, and the collectors and taxonomists of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture for collecting the data. We also thank Robert F. Mitchell, Joseph C.H. Wong, and Peter F. Reagel for technical assistance with field work in Illinois, and for helpful comments on the manuscript by RFM, JCHW, and Ann M. Ray. This research was supported by grants from The Alphawood Foundation, the National Research Initiative of the United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, grant #2009-35302-05047, and the USDA North-Central IPM Center, grant # AG 2007-51120-18445.

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  1. Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, 320 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Lawrence M. Hanks

  2. Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Jocelyn G. Millar

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  1. Lawrence M. Hanks
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Correspondence to Lawrence M. Hanks.

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Hanks, L.M., Millar, J.G. Field bioassays of cerambycid pheromones reveal widespread parsimony of pheromone structures, enhancement by host plant volatiles, and antagonism by components from heterospecifics. Chemoecology 23, 21–44 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-012-0116-8

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