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Genes of the dopaminergic system selectively modulate top-down but not bottom-up attention

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Abstract

Cognitive performance is modulated by the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). Recently, it has been proposed that DA has a strong impact on top-down but not on bottom-up selective visual attention. We tested this assumption by analyzing the influence of two gene variants of the dopaminergic system. Both the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) protein and the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein are crucial for the degradation and inactivation of DA. These metabolizing proteins modulate the availability of DA, especially in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. The functional COMT Val158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene represents two coding variants, valine and methionine. In Met allele carriers, the COMT activity is reduced three- to fourfold. A variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism exists in the DAT1 gene, which encodes DAT. The DAT density was reported to be about 50 % higher for the DAT1 10-repeat than the DAT1 9-repeat allele. We assessed attention via two experimental tasks that predominantly measure either top-down processing (the Stroop task) or bottom-up processing (the Posner-Cuing task). Carriers of the Met allele of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism displayed better performance in the Stroop task, but did not outperform the other participants in the Posner-Cuing task. The same result was noted for carriers of the DAT1 10-repeat allele. From these findings, we suggest that normal variations of the dopaminergic system impact more strongly on top-down than on bottom-up attention.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a research fund from the University of Trier, Trier, Germany. The authors would like to thank Ulrike Winnikes for her technical assistance.

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  1. Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Trier, Campus I, 54286, Trier, Germany

    Katja Kerstin Schneider & Christian Frings

  2. Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Johanniterufer 15, 54290, Trier, Germany

    Andrea B. Schote & Jobst Meyer

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  1. Katja Kerstin Schneider
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Correspondence to Christian Frings.

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Table 2 Mean error rates in the Stroop task (SE in brackets)
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Schneider, K.K., Schote, A.B., Meyer, J. et al. Genes of the dopaminergic system selectively modulate top-down but not bottom-up attention. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 15, 104–116 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0320-9

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