Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular Marker Analysis of Stem Rust Resistance Genes in Some Iranian Wheat Genotypes

  • Published:
Cytology and Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is a destructive wheat disease worldwide, traditionally controlled by the Sr31 resistance gene for many years until the virulent strain; Ug99 emerged in 1999. The new pathotype threatened the global wheat production, and was later detected in Hamedan and Lorestan provinces of Iran. To tackle this disease, it is necessary to find new sources of resistance against the Ug99 race and its variants. Ninety-five Iranian wheat genotypes were analyzed for the presence of the stem rust resistance genes; Sr2, Sr22, Sr24, Sr25 and Sr31 with the help of several CAPS, STS and SSR markers. Seeds of the tested genotypes and Thatcher as negative control and five isolines as positive controls were sown in pots in a greenhouse. After DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using primers for the corresponding markers. The Iag95 marker demonstrated the presence of Sr31 in 10 genotypes. Nine genotypes showing the Gb associated band, carried Sr25. J09, the linked marker with Sr24, detected this gene in only two genotypes. No genotype showed the bands for markers linked to Sr2 or Sr22 genes. The combined presence of Sr24 and Sr31 was identified in six genotypes. So far, neither Ug99 nor its variants have virulence for Sr2, Sr22 and Sr25 suggesting they could be transferred from donor sources to suitable lines for commercial uses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Afshari, F., Genetic pathogenicity of the disease caused stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and the response of wheat genotypes to the disease, Iran. J. Plant Prot. Sci., 2012, vol. 43, pp. 357–365.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson, J.A., Plant genomics and its impact on wheat breeding. In Plant Molecular Breeding. 2003, pp. 184–215.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bariana, H.S., Brown, G.N., Bansal, U.K., Miah, H., Standen, G.E., and Lu, M., Breeding triple rust resistant wheat cultivars for Australia using conventional and marker-assisted selection technologies, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 2007. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR07124

  4. Bashir, S., Studies on molecular determinants of stem rust in wheat (Triticum aestivum), Doctoral Dissertation, Faisalabad: Government College University, 2019.

  5. Bashir, S., Bukhari, S.A., and Mahmood-ur-Rahman, M.A., Homology modeling, structure and active site prediction of stem rust resistant gene Sr22 in wheat cultivars, Pure Appl. Biol., 2019. https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700216

  6. Bhavani, S., Singh, R.P., Argillier, O., et al., Mapping durable adult plant stem rust resistance to the race Ug99 group in six CIMMYT wheats to Ug99 group of races, in Borlaug Global Rust Initiative 2011 Technical Workshop, 2011, pp. 43–53.

  7. Brown, G.N., The inheritance and expression of leaf chlorosis associated with gene Sr2 for adult plant resistance to wheat stem rust, Euphytica, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002985326256

  8. Bukhari, S.A., Mahmood-Ur-Rahman, Shamshari, W.A., and Bashir, S., Homology modeling, structure and active site prediction of stem rust resistant protein in wheat, Mol. Biol., 2018, vol. 7, pp. 411–414.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chelkowski, J., Golka, L., and Stepien, L., Application of STS markers for leaf rust resistance genes in near isogenic lines of spring wheat cv. Thatcher, J. Appl. Genet., 2003, vol. 44, pp. 323–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dadkhodaie, N.A., Singh, D., and Park, R.F., Characterisation of resistance to leaf rust in an international bread wheat nursery, J. Plant Pathol., 2011. https://doi.org/10.5554/jpp.v93i3.3645

  11. Dhaliwal, A.S. and MacRitchie, F.J., Contributions of protein fractions to dough handling properties of wheat–rye translocation cultivars, J. Cereal Sci., 1990. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-5210(09)80093-3

  12. Ellis, J.G., Lagudah, E., Spielmeyer, W., abd Dodds, P., The past, present and future of breeding rust resistant wheat, Front. Plant Sci., 2014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00641

  13. Gerechter-Amitai, Z.K., Wahl, I., Vardi, A., and Zohary, D., Transfer of stem rust seedling resistance from wild diploid einkorn to tetraploid durum wheat by means of a triploid hybrid bridge, Euphytica, 1971, vol. 20, pp. 281–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ghazvini, H. and Sarhangi, M., Study on presence of stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in the Iranian varieties and elite wheat lines by using molecular markers, Crop Biotech., 2016, vol. 14, pp. 27–42.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gultyaeva, E.I., Kanyuka, I.A., Alpateva, N.V., et al., Molecular approaches in identifying leaf rust resistance genes in Russian wheat varieties, Russ. Agric. Sci., 2009. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068367409050085

  16. Hale, I.L., Mamuya, I., and Singh, D., Sr37-virulent races (TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK) of the wheat stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici are present in Tanzania, Plant Dis., 2013. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-12-0604-PDN

  17. Harder, D.E. and Dunsmore, K.M., Incidence and virulence of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici on wheat and barley in Canada, Can. J. Plant Pathol., https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669109500922

  18. Hare, R.A. and McIntosh, R.A., Genetic and cytogenetic studies of durable adult-plant resistances in ‘Hope’ and related cultivars to wheat rusts, Z. Pflanzenzuchtung, 1979, vol. 83, pp. 350–367.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Jin, Y., Singh, R.P., Ward, R.W., et al., Characterization of seedling infection types and adult plant infection responses of monogenic Sr gene lines to race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Plant Dis., 2007. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1096

  20. Jin, Y., Szabo, L.J., Pretorius, Z.A., and Singh, R.P., Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Plant Dis., 2008. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-6-0923

  21. Khan, R.R., Bariana, H.S., Dholakia, B.B., Naik, S.V., et al., Molecular mapping of stem and leaf rust resistance in wheat, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-005-0005-4

  22. Khlestkina, E.K., Pestsova, E.G., Salina, E., Röder, M.S., et al., Genetic mapping and tagging of wheat genes using RAPD, STS, and SSR markers, Cell Mol. Biol. Lett., 2002, vol. 7, pp. 795–802.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Knott, D.R., Mutation of a gene for yellow pigment linked to Lrl9 in wheat, Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 1980, vol. 22, pp. 651–654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Korzun, V., Hackauf, B., Wortmann, H., Wilde, P., and Wehling, P., Development of conserved ortholog set markers linked to the restorer gene Rfpl in rye, Mol. Breed., 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-012-9736-5

  25. Lagudah, E.S., Molecular genetics of race non-specific rust resistance in wheat, Euphytwa, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-010-0336-3

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. Lelley, T., Eder, C., and Grausgruber, H., Influence of 1BL.1RS wheat–rye chromosome translocation on genotype by environment interaction, J. Cereal Sci., 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2003.11.003

  27. Leonard, K.J. and Szabo, L.J., Stem rust of small grains and grasses caused by Puccinia graminis, Mol. Plant Pathol., 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00273.x

  28. Li, H.J. and Wang, X.M., Thinopyrum ponticum and Th. intermedium: the promising source of resistance to fungal and viral diseases of wheat, J. Genet. Genomics, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60147-2

  29. Li, H.J., Conner, R.L., and Murray, T.D., Resistance to soil-borne diseases of wheat: Contributions from the wheatgrasses Thinopyrum intermedium and Th. ponticum, Can. J. Plant Sci., https://doi.org/10.4141/CJPS07002

  30. Lukaszewski, A.J., Manipulation of the 1RS.1BL translocation in wheat by induced homeologous recombination, Crop Sci., 2000. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.401216x

  31. Mago, R., Spielmeyer, W., Lawrence, G.J., and Lagudah, E.S., Identification and mapping of molecular markers linked to rust resistance genes located on chromosome 1RS of rye using wheat–rye translocation lines, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-002-0879-3

  32. Mago, R., Miah, H., Lawrence, G.J., Wellings, C.R., et al., High-resolution mapping and mutation analysis separate the rust resistance genes Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9 on the short arm of rye chromosome 1, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-005-0098-9

  33. Mago, R., Brown-Guedira, G., Dreisigacker, S., Breen, J., et al., An accurate DNA marker assay for stem rust resistance gene, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1482-7

  34. Malav, A.K., Kuideep, I., and Chandrawat, K.S., Gene pyramiding: an overview, Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol., 2016. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.307.004

  35. Martin, D.L. and Stewart, B.G., Dough stickiness in rye-derived wheat cultivars, Euphytica, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00022895

  36. McFadden, E.S.A., Successful transfer of emmer characters to vulgare wheat, J. Am. Soc. Agron., 1930, vol. 22, pp. 1020–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. McIntosh, R.A., Park, R.F., and Wellings, C.R., Wheat rusts, in An Atlas of Resistance Genes, McIntosh, R.A., Ed., Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publications, 1995.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  38. McIntosh, R.A., Dubcovsky, J., Rogers, W.J., et al., Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat, in 12th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Yokohama, Japan, 2018.

  39. Mohammadi, M., Torkamaneh, D., and Patpour, M., Seedling stage resistance of Iranian bread wheat germplasm to race Ug99 of Puccmia grammis f. sp. tritici, Plant Dis., 2013. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-12-0138-RE

  40. Najafian, G., Amin, H., Afshari, F., et al., Sivand, a new bread wheat cultivar, resistant to stem rust (race Ug99) with good bread making quality for cultivation under irrigated conditions of temperate regions of Iran, J. Seed Plant Improv., 2010, vol. 26, pp. 285–288.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Nazari, K., Mafi, M., Yahyaoui, A., Singh, R.P., and Park, R.F., Detection of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) race TTKSK (Ug99) in Iran, Plant Dis., 2009. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0317B

  42. Nisha, R., Sivasamy, M., and Gajalakshmi, K., Pyramiding of stem rust resistance genes to develop durable and multiple disease resistant wheat varieties through marker aided selection, Int. J. Ext. Res., 2015, vol. 5, pp. 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Njau, P.N., Jin, Y., Huerta-Espino, J., Keller, B., and Singh, R.P., Identification and evaluation of sources of resistance to stem rust race Ug99 in wheat, Plant Dis., 2010. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-4-0413

  44. Oliver, R.P., A reassessment of the risk of rust fungi developing resistance to fungicides, Pest Manage. Sci., 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3767

    Book  Google Scholar 

  45. Olson, E.L., Brown-Guedira, G., Marshall, D.S., Jin, Y., et al., Genotyping of US wheat germplasm for presence of stem rust resistance genes, Crop Sci., 2010. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.04.0218

  46. Paull, J.G., Pallotta, M.A., Langridge, P., and The, T.T., RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum, Theor. Appl. Genet., 1994. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224536

  47. Periyannan, S.K., Bansal, U.K., Bariana, H.S., Pumphrey, M., and Lagudah, E.S., A robust molecular marker for the detection of shortened introgressed segment carrying the stem rust resistance gene Sr22 in common wheat, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1417-3

  48. Prasha, M., Bhardwaj, S.C., Jain, S.K., Sharma, Y.P., and Mishra, B., Gene deployment: Indian experience, in International Conference on Wheat Stem Rust Ug99 Threat to Food Security, NASC, 2008.

  49. Pretorius, Z.A., Singh, R.P., Wagoire, W.W., and Payne, T.S., Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccmia grammis f. sp. tritici in Uganda, Plant Dis., 2002. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.2.203B

  50. Prins, R., Groenewald, J.Z., Marais, G.F., Snape, J.W., and Koebner, R.M.D., AFLP and STS tagging of Lrl9, a gene conferring resistance to leaf rust in wheat, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2001. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00002918

  51. Purnhauser L, Bona, L., and Lang, L., Occurrence of 1BL.1RS wheat–rye chromosome translocation and of Sr36/Pm6 resistance gene cluster in wheat cultivars registered in Hungary, Euphytica, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0681-010-0312-y

  52. Rajaram, S., Mann, C.H., Ortiz-Ferrara, G., and Mujeeb-Kazi, A., Adaptation, stability and high yield potential of certain 1B/1R CIMMYT wheats, Wheat Genet Symp., 1983, pp. 613–621.

  53. Roelfs, A.P., Singh, R.P., and Saari, E.E., Rust Diseases of Wheat: Concepts and Methods of Disease Management, CIMMYT, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Rosewarne, G., Bonnett, D., Rebetzke, G., Lonergan, P., and Larkin, P.J., The potential of Lrl9 and Bdv2 translocations to improve yield and disease resistance in the high rainfall wheat zones of Australia, Agronomy, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy5010055

  55. Saghai-Maroof, M., Soliman, K.M., Jorgensen, R.A., and Allard, R.W., Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in barley: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal location, and population dynamics, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1984. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.24.8014

  56. Schachermayr, G.M., Messmer, M.M., Feuillet, C., Winzeler, H., et al., Identification of molecular markers linked to the Agropyron elongatum-derived leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 in wheat, Theor. Appl. Genet., 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00222911

  57. Sebesta, E.E. and Wood, E.A., Transfer of greenbug resistance from rye to wheat with X-rays, Agronomy, 1978, vol. 70, pp. 61–62.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sedlacek, T., Marik, P., and Chrpova, J., Development of CAPS marker for identification of rym4 and rym5 alleles conferring resistance to the barley yellow mosaic virus complex in barley, Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010. https://doi.org/10.17221/7/2010-CJGPB

  59. Sharma, R.K., Singh, P.K., Joshi, A.K., et al., Protecting South Asian wheat production from stem rust (Ug99) epidemic, J. Phytopathol., 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12070

  60. Sheen, S.J., Ebeltoft, D.C., and Smith, G.S., Association and inheritance of “Black Chaff and stem rust reactions in Conley wheat crosses 1, Crop Sci., 1968. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1968.0011183X000800040025x

  61. Sheikh, F.A., Razvi, S.M., and Malik, A.A., Role of wild relatives in imparting disease resistance to rusts of wheat, Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci., 2017. https://doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00009.X

  62. Singh, R.P., Huerta-Espino, J., Rajaram, S., and Crossa, J., Agronomic effects from chromosome translocations 7DL.7Ag and 1BL.1RS in spring wheat, Crop Sci., 1998. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800010005x

  63. Singh, R.P., Huerta-Espino, J., Pfeiffer, W., and Figueroa-Lopez, P., Occurrence and impact of a new leaf rust race on durum wheat in northwestern Mexico, Plant Dis., 2004. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.7.703

  64. Singh, R.P., Hodson, D.P., Jin, Y., Huerta-Espino, J., et al., Current status, likely migration and strategies to mitigate the threat to wheat production from race Ug99 (TTKS) of stem rust pathogen, Perspect. Agric., 2006, vol. 1, pp. 1–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Singh, K., Ghai, M., Garg, M., Chhuneja, P., et al., An integrated molecular linkage map of diploid wheat based on a Triticum boeoticum × T. monococcum RIL population, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0543-z

  66. Singh, R.P., Hodson, D.P., Huerta-Espino, J., Jin, Y., et al., Will stem rust destroy the world’s wheat crop?, Adv Agron., 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00205-8

  67. Singh, R.P., Hodson, D.P., Huerta-Espino, J., Jin, Y., et al., The emergence of Ug99 races of the stem rust fungus is a threat to world wheat production, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 2011. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423

  68. Singh, R.P., Hodson, D.P., Jin, Y., et al., Emergence and spread of new races of wheat stem rust fungus: continued threat to food security and prospects of genetic control, Phytopathology, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-15-0030-FI

  69. Smith, E.L., Schlehuber, A.M., Young, H.C., and Edwards, L.H., Registration of agent wheat, Crop Sci., 1968, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 511–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Sumíková, T. and Hanzalova, A., Multiplex PCR assay to detect rust resistance genes Lr26 and Lr37 in wheat, Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010. https://doi.org/10.17221/32/2010-CJGPB

  71. The, T.T., Gupta, R.B., Dyck, P.L., Appels, R., Hohmann, U., and McIntosh, R.A., Characterization of stem rust resistant derivatives of wheat cultivar Amigo, Euphytica, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00025256

  72. Todorovska, E., Christov, N., Christova, P., and Vassilev, D., Biotic stress resistance in wheat-breeding and genomic selection implications, Biotechnology, 2009. https://doi.org/10.2478/V10133-009-0006-6

  73. Watson, I.W. and Singh, D., The future of rust resistant wheat in Australia, J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci., 1952, vol. 28, pp. 190–197.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Yu, L.X., Liu, S., Anderson, J.A., Singh, R.P., Jin, Y., et al., Haplotype diversity of stem rust resistance loci in uncharacterized wheat lines, Mol. Breed., 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-010-9403-7

  75. Yu, L.X., Chao, S., Singh, R.P., and Sorrells, M.E., Identification and validation of single nucleotide polymorphic markers linked to Ug99 stem rust resistance in spring, PLoS One, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171963

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 71441-65186, Shiraz, Iran

    H. Javadi, A. Dadkhodaie & B. Heidari

Authors
  1. H. Javadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Dadkhodaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. Heidari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Dadkhodaie.

Ethics declarations

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies involving animals or human participants performed by any of the authors.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Javadi, H., Dadkhodaie, A. & Heidari, B. Molecular Marker Analysis of Stem Rust Resistance Genes in Some Iranian Wheat Genotypes. Cytol. Genet. 55, 460–470 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452721050029

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452721050029

Keywords:

Search

Navigation