Abstract
Prestressed strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates has gained attention for the rehabilitation of existing structures. In this study, a novel wedge-shaped bond anchorage system was developed. The wedge-shaped adhesive in the bond zones exerted a high pressure on the CFRP plate when the CFRP plate was subjected to tension. The shear force along the fiber direction resisted the tension force of the CFRP plate, realizing reliable anchorage. The shear stress in the anchorage zone was distributed uniformly, owing to the deformation of the low-modulus adhesive. Therefore, the stress concentration was reduced, which generally occurs for traditional CFRP anchors and causes premature failure of the CFRP plate. The stress distribution in the anchorage zone was obtained by mechanical analysis, and the maximum anchorage-bearing capacity was calculated based on the critical bond-slip criterion of the CFRP plate and epoxy adhesive. The effects of the adhesive properties on the anchorage efficiency were also investigated. A test was performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed anchorage system.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aslam M, Shafigh P, Jumaat MZ, Shah SNR (2015) Strengthening of RC beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers—a review. Constr Build Mater 82:235–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.051
Abdulhameed SS, Wu E, Ji B (2015) Mechanical prestressing system for strengthening reinforced concrete members with prestressed carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer sheets. J Perform Constr Facil 29(3):04014081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000478
Michels J, Sena-Cruz J, Czaderski C, Motavalli M (2013) Structural strengthening with prestressed CFRP strips with gradient anchorage. J Compos Constr 17(5):651–661. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000372
Wang WW, Dai JG, Harries KA, Zhang L (2014) Prediction of prestress losses in RC beams externally strengthened with prestressed CFRP sheets/plates. J Reinf Plast Compos 33(8):699–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684413519715
Xue W, Tan Y, Zeng L (2010) Flexural response predictions of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates. Compos Struct 92(3):612–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.09.036
Carra G, Carvelli V (2015) Long-term bending performance and service life prediction of pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer composites. Compos Struct 127:308–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.03.049
Hajihashemi A, Mostofinejad D, Azhari M (2011) Investigation of RC beams strengthened with prestressed NSM CFRP laminates. J Compos Constr 15(6):887–895. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000225
Wang Z, Zhao XL, Xian G, Wu G, Singh Raman RK, Al-Saadi S (2017) Long-term durability of basalt- and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP/GFRP) bars in seawater and sea sand concrete environment. Constr Build Mater 139:467–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.038
Wang Z, Zhao XL, Xian G, Wu G, Raman RKS, Al-Saadi S (2018) Effect of sustained load and seawater and sea sand concrete environment on durability of basalt- and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (B/GFRP) bars. Corros Sci 138:200–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.002
Peng H, Zhang J, Cai CS, Liu Y (2014) An experimental study on reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed near surface mounted CFRP strips. Eng Struct 79:222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.08.007
Motavalli M, Czaderski C, Pfyl-Lang K (2011) Prestressed CFRP for strengthening of reinforced concrete structures: recent developments at Empa, Switzerland. J Compos Constr 15(2):194–205. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000125
Ghafoori E, Motavalli M, Nussbaumer A, Herwig A, Prinz GS, Fontana M (2015) Determination of minimum CFRP pre-stress levels for fatigue crack prevention in retrofitted metallic beams. Eng Struct 84:29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.11.017
Woo SK, Nam JW, Kim JHJ, Han SH, Byun KJ (2008) Suggestion of flexural capacity evaluation and prediction of prestressed CFRP strengthened design. Eng Struct 30(12):3751–3763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.06.013
Omran HY, EI-Hacha R (2012) Nonlinear 3D finite element modeling of RC beams strengthened with prestressed NSM-CFRP strips. Constr Build Mater 31:74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.054
Ghafoori E, Motavalli M (2015) Normal, high and ultra-high modulus carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates for bonded and un-bonded strengthening of steel beams. Mater Design 67:232–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.031
El-Hacha R, Gaafar M (2011) Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using prestressed, near-surface-mounted CFRP bars. PCI J 56(4):134–151
Ding YH, Ma YJ (2011) Reseach on flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed near surface mounted CFRP tendons. Adv Mater Res Trans Tech Publ 163:3537–3544. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.163-167.3537
Nordin H, Täljsten B (2006) Concrete beams strengthened with prestressed near surface mounted CFRP. J Compos Constr 10(1):60–68. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:1(60)
Triantafillou TC, Deskovic N (1991) Innovative prestressing with FRP sheets: mechanics of short-term behavior. J Eng Mech 117(7):1652–1672. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1991)117:7(1652)
Huang H, Wang WW, Dai JG, Brigham JC (2017) Fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded prestressed CFRP sheets. J Compos Constr. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000766
Hadiseraji M, El-Hacha R (2014) Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with prestressed externally bonded CFRP sheets. In: 5th international conference on concrete repair-concrete solutions, Belfast, UK, pp 273–277
Garden HN, Hollaway LC (1998) An experimental study of the failure modes of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed carbon composite plates. Compos B Eng 29(4):411–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(97)00043-7
Wang WW, Dai JG, Harries KA, Bao QH (2012) Prestress losses and flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with posttensioned CFRP sheets. J Compos Constr 16(2):207–216. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000255
Zoghi M, Foster DC (2006) Post-strengthening prestressed concrete bridges via post-tensioned CFRP-laminates. SAMPE J 42(2):24–30
Sayed-Ahmed EY, Lissel SL, Tadros G, Shrive NG (1999) Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) post-tensioned masonry diaphragm walls: prestressing, behaviour, and design recommendations. Can J Civil Eng 26(3):324–344. https://doi.org/10.1139/l98-073
Ghafoori E, Motavalli M (2015) Innovative CFRP-prestressing system for strengthening metallic structures. J Compos Constr 19:04015006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000559
Ghafoori E, Motavalli M, Nussbaumer A, Herwig A, Prinz GS, Fontana M (2015) Design criterion for fatigue strengthening of riveted beams in a 120-year-old railway metallic bridge using pre-stressed CFRP plates. Compos B Eng 68:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.08.026
Kianmofrad F, Ghafoori E, Elyasi MM, Motavalli M, Rahimian M (2017) Strengthening of metallic beams with different types of pre-stressed un-bonded retrofit systems. Compos Struct 159:81–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.09.020
Hosseini A, Ghafoori E, Motavalli M, Nussbaumer A, Zhao X-L, Koller R (2018) Prestressed unbonded reinforcement system with multiple CFRP plates for fatigue strengthening of steel members. Polym Basel 10:264. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030264
Hosseini A, Ghafoori E, Motavalli M, Nussbaumer A, Zhao X-L (2017) Mode I fatigue crack arrest in tensile steel members using prestressed CFRP plates. Compos Struct 178:119–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.06.056
Yang DS, Park SK, Neale KW (2009) Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed carbon composites. Compos Struct 88(4):497–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.05.016
Wu G, Zhao X, Zhou J, Wu Z (2015) Experimental study of RC beams strengthened with prestressed steel-wire BFRP composite plate using a hybrid anchorage system. J Compos Constr 19(2):04014039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000499
Jumaat MZ, Alam MDA (2010) Experimental and numerical analysis of end anchored steel plate and CFRP laminate flexurally strengthened reinforced concrete (r. c.) beams. Int J Phys Sci 5(2):132–144. http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/6009
You YC, Choi KS, Kim JH (2012) An experimental investigation on flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP strips using a durable anchorage system. Compos B Eng 43(8):3026–3036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.05.030
Kim YJ, Green MF, Wight RG (2010) Bond and short-term prestress losses of prestressed composites for strengthening PC beams with integrated anchorage. J Reinf Plast Compos 29(9):1277–1294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684409102751
El-Hacha R, Aly MYE (2013) Anchorage system to prestress FRP laminates for flexural strengthening of steel-concrete composite girders. J Compos Constr 17(3):324–335. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000323
Kim YJ, Wight RG, Green MF (2008) Flexural strengthening of RC beams with prestressed CFRP sheets: development of nonmetallic anchor systems. J Compos Constr 12(1):35–43. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:1(35)
He J, Xian G (2016) Debonding of CFRP-to-steel joints with CFRP delamination. Compos Struct 153:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.05.100
Jiang T, Fang Z (2010) Experimental investigation on the performance of wedge-bond anchors for CFRP tendons. China Civil Eng J 43(2):79–87
Funding
This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China with Grant No. 2017YFC0703007, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China with Grant No. 51478145.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, C., Xian, G. Novel wedge-shaped bond anchorage system for pultruded CFRP plates. Mater Struct 51, 162 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1293-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1293-x