Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

On the direct ink write (DIW) 3D printing of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-based adhesive sealant

  • Research Letter
  • Published:
MRS Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Direct Ink Writing (DIW) utilizes a wide range of ink formulations to produce desirable 3D-printed structures and properties. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is an attractive candidate for 3D printing owing to its commercial availability, rheology, excellent mechanical properties, good impact resilience, and chemical stability. The SBR-based sealant was 3D printed in a DIW process, even in an ambient environment. The rheological behavior was assessed and correlated with optimized printing parameters. Important physico-chemical properties of the 3D-printed material were reported showing excellent properties as an elastomer. This work should expand the potential applications of existing rubber-based materials in additive manufacturing.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data for the work are either included in this manuscript or are part of the Electronic Supplementary Information file.

References

  1. T. McCue, Wohlers Report 2018: 3D Printer industry tops $7 billion, 2018. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2018/06/04/wohlers-report-2018-3d-printer-industry-rises-21-percent-to-over-7-billion/#577ed47a2d1a. Accessed 15 Oct 2022

  2. E.-H. Ramírez-Soria, J. Bonilla-Cruz, M.G. Flores-Amaro, V.J. Garcia, T.E. Lara-Ceniceros, F.E. Longoria-Rodríguez, P. Elizondo, R.C. Advincula, On the effect of ultralow loading of microwave-assisted bifunctionalized graphene oxide in stereolithographic 3D-printed nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12(43), 49061–49072 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c13702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. E.B. Caldona, J.R.C. Dizon, R.A. Viers, V.J. Garcia, Z.J. Smith, R.C. Advincula, Additively manufactured high-performance polymeric materials and their potential use in the oil and gas industry. MRS Commun. 11(6), 701–715 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-021-00134-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. I. Gibson, D.W. Rosen, B. Strucker, Additive manufacturing technologies: rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing, 2nd edn. (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York, 2010)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. J.A. Lewis, Direct ink writing of 3D functional materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 16(17), 2193–2204 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200600434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. R.J. Dhanorkar, S. Mohanty, V.K. Gupta, Synthesis of functionalized styrene butadiene rubber and its applications in SBR-silica composites for high-performance tire applications. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 60(12), 4517–4535 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Thomas, R. Stephen, Rubber nanocomposites: preparation, properties and applications (John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 2010)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Hirsch, Discover the flexibility of caulks and sealants, 2019. Available at: https://knowledge.ulprospector.com/9377/pc-discover-the-flexibility-of-caulks-and-sealants/. Accessed 01 Feb 2023

  9. Con-Spec Industries, Lexel is better than silicone, 2013. Available at: https://www.conspecindustries.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/lexel.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2023

  10. Sashco, Lexel technical data sheet (2022), https://sashcoinc.app.box.com/s/unh5zcyega0uimu3c70q6ipizz4m26xa. Accessed 20 Feb 2023

  11. Z.J. Smith, D.R. Barsoum, Z.L. Arwood, D. Penumadu, R.C. Advincula, Characterization of micro-sandwich structures via direct ink writing epoxy based cores. J. Sandw. Struct. Mater. 25(1), 112–127 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/10996362221118329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. D.B. Gutierrez, E.B. Caldona, Z. Yang, X. Suo, X. Cheng, S. Dai, R.D. Espiritu, R.C. Advincula, 3D-printed PDMS-based membranes for CO2 separation applications. MRS Commun. 12(6), 1174–1182 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-022-00287-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. M.J. Castaldi, E. Kwon, Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) of combustion and gasification of styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR). Proceedings of the 13th annual North American waste-to-energy conference. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. (2005). https://doi.org/10.1115/NAWTEC13-3149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S.R. Shield, G.N. Ghebremeskel, C. Hendrix, Pyrolysis−GC/MS and TGA as tools for characterizing blends of SBR and NBR. Rubber Chem. Technol. 74(5), 803–813 (2001). https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3547654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Nandiyanto, R. Oktiani, R. Ragadhita, How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indones. J. Sci. Technol. 4(1), 97–118 (2019). https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. S.S. Kamath, J.W. Choi, 3D printing of synthetic rubber ink via the direct ink writing process. Rubber World 11, 40–45 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  17. G.M.F. Elahee, L. Rong, C. Breting, J. Bonilla-Cruz, T.E. Lara-Ceniceros, Z.J. Smith, J. Ge, X. Cheng, M. Xu, M. Yang, E.L. Ribeiro, E.B. Caldona, R.C. Advincula, Acrylic sealants as practicable direct ink writing (DIW) 3D-printable materials. MRS Commun. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-023-00343-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Espera, J. Dizon, A. Valino, Q. Chen, I. Silva, S. Nguyen, L. Rong, R. Advincula, On the 3D printability of silicone-based adhesives via viscous paste extrusion. MRS Commun. 13, 102–110 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-022-00318-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. D.J. Bergman, The dielectric constant of a composite material—a problem in classical physics. Phys. Rep. 43(9), 377–407 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(78)90009-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Bicerano, Prediction of polymer properties, 3rd edn. (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2002)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Paul Martin, Dissipation factor of plastic materials explained, 2022. Available at: https://passive-components.eu/dissipation-factor-of-plastic-materials-explained/#:~:text=Dissipation%20Factor%20is%20a%20dimensionless,radar%20equipment%20or%20microwave%20parts. Accessed 04 March 2023

  22. P. Barber, S. Balasubramanian, Y. Anguchamy, S. Gong, A. Wibowo, H. Gao, H.J. Ploehn, H.-C. Zur Loye, Polymer composite and nanocomposite dielectric materials for pulse power energy storage. Materials 2(4), 1697–1733 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2041697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J. Artbauer, Electric strength of polymers. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29(2), 446–456 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/29/2/024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. ASTM D257-14, Standard test methods for DC resistance or conductance of insulating materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1520/D0257-14R21E01

  25. M. Lisowski, Issues of volume resistivity measurement of flat dielectric specimens and evaluation on uncertainty of the measurement results by approximate method at confidence level of 0.95. Metrol. Meas. Syst. 16(2), 233–248 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  26. S.M. Aharoni, Electrical resistivity of a composite of conducting particles in an insulating matrix. J. Appl. Phys. 43(5), 2463–2465 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1661529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. W.D. Callister Jr., D.G. Rethwisch, Materials science and engineering, 9th edn. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  28. A. Abdel-Hakim, S.A. El-Mogy, A.I. Abou-Kandil, Novel modification of styrene butadiene rubber/acrylic rubber blends to improve mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and swelling behavior for oil sealing applications. Polym. Polym. Compos. 29(9), S959–S968 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/09673911211031351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Liu, X. Li, L. Xu, P. Zhang, Investigation of aging behavior and mechanism of nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) in the accelerated thermal aging environment. Polym. Test. 54, 59–66 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.06.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Dridi, S. Hachemi, A.A. Belkadi, Influence of styrene-butadiene rubber and pretreated hemp fibers on the properties of cement-based repair mortars. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 27, 538–557 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2022.2052968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. C. Kasprzak, J. Brown, K. Feller, P. Scott, V. Meenakshisundaram, C. Williams, T. Long, Vat photopolymerization of reinforced styrene-butadiene elastomers: a degradable scaffold approach. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(16), 18965–18973 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. P. Scott, V. Meenakshisundaram, M. Hegde, C. Kasprzak, C. Winkler, K. Feller, C. Williams, T. Long, 3D printing latex: a route to complex geometries of high molecular weight polymers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(9), 10918–10928 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge technical support from Frontier Laboratories and Quantum Analytics for technical support. This work (or part of this work) was conducted in Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences by Rigoberto C. Advincula, a US Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility.

Funding

This study was funded by U.S. Department of Energy.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Vincent Joseph Garcia, Travis Thornton, Salvador Rohan, Emmaline L. Howard, Alejandro H. Espera Jr. & Rigoberto C. Advincula

  2. Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    G. M. Fazley Elahee, Xiang Cheng & Rigoberto C. Advincula

  3. Novaguard Solutions, Cleveland, OH, 44114, USA

    G. M. Fazley Elahee

  4. Materials Science Division, Department of Science and Technology, Industrial Technology Development Institute, 1631, Taguig, Philippines

    Alvin Kim Collera

  5. Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA

    Rigoberto C. Advincula

Authors
  1. Vincent Joseph Garcia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. M. Fazley Elahee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alvin Kim Collera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Travis Thornton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xiang Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Salvador Rohan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Emmaline L. Howard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Alejandro H. Espera Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Rigoberto C. Advincula
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rigoberto C. Advincula.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no known conflict of interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rigoberto Advincula was an editor of this journal during the review and decision stage. For the MRS Communications policy on review and publication of manuscripts authored by editors, please refer to http://www.mrs.org/editormanuscripts/.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 141 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Garcia, V.J., Fazley Elahee, G.M., Collera, A.K. et al. On the direct ink write (DIW) 3D printing of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-based adhesive sealant. MRS Communications 13, 1266–1274 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-023-00436-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-023-00436-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation