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Hardening effect in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

  • Invited Feature Paper - REVIEW
  • Focus Issue: Lead-Free Ferroelectric Materials
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Abstract

Ecologically sustainable development of piezoelectric ceramics has been the primary target of the community over the past 20 years. While the development of “soft” lead-free piezoelectric ceramics has been of high maturity, the understanding of “hard” lead-free piezoelectric ceramics is still far from satisfactory, leading to a limited chance for high-power applications. The review starts with an introduction of loss mechanisms and the hardening effect in piezoelectric ceramics, including three different models mainly developed based on the lead zirconate titanate system. Then, studies on the hardening behavior of BaTiO3-based, (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based, and (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are summarized with emphasis on the approaches to enhance mechanical quality factor. Meanwhile, three different characterization methods of high-power performances are introduced: the constant-voltage method, constant-current method, and transient (or burst) method. Finally, the state-of-the-art lead-free ultrasonic transducer applications are highlighted. This paper concludes with the remaining challenges for the development of “hard” lead-free piezoelectric ceramics for high-power piezoelectric applications.

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(reproduced from Ref. [138] with permission from Copyright 2009 The Japan Society of Applied Physics).

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(reproduced from Ref. [140] with permission from Copyright 2007 Taylor & Francis).

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51822,206, 51761135118), and the Scientific and Technological Project of State Grid Corporation of China (Project number: 5500-202024252A-0-0-00).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China

    Trong Nghia Nguyen, Hao-Cheng Thong, Yi-Xuan Liu, Ze Xu, Pak-Sheng Soon & Ke Wang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology, Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102209, People’s Republic of China

    Zhi-Xiang Zhu & Jing-Kai Nie

  3. Advanced Ceramic Materials & Devices Research Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314006, People’s Republic of China

    Wen Gong

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  1. Trong Nghia Nguyen
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Nguyen, T.N., Thong, HC., Zhu, ZX. et al. Hardening effect in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Journal of Materials Research 36, 996–1014 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-020-00016-1

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