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Natural factors and chemical contamination control the structure of macrobenthic communities in the Santos Estuarine System (SP, Brazil)

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Abstract

The Santos Estuarine System (SES) is a complex of bays, islands, estuarine channels, and rivers located on the Southeast coast of Brazil, in which multiple contaminant sources are situated in close proximity to mangroves and other protected areas. In this study, the composition and structure of the macrobenthic communities of SES were described and ninety-nine species were identified, with the predominance of polychaetes and bivalve mollusks. The benthic assemblages also showed strong signs of stress, as indicated by the low abundance, richness and diversity, and the dominance of opportunistic species. Integrated analysis including sediment characteristics related to natural and anthropogenic factors (e.g., sediment chemistry, and toxicity) indicated that benthic fauna from the inner portions of the SES and vicinities of the SSOS diffusers as Santos Bay were affected. Some locations at the mouths of Santos and Sao Vicente estuaries exhibited moderate disturbance. In other sites from the mouth of São Vicente and Bertioga channels, and Santos Bay, the benthic fauna were considered not degraded. Our results suggest that a combination of both environmental factors and contaminants were responsible for the benthic community structure.

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Abbreviations

AH:

aliphatic hydrocarbon

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CEC:

Compounds of emerging concern

DO:

Dissolved oxygen

LOE:

Lines of evidence

PAH:

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

MBAS:

Methylene Blue Active Substance

nMDS:

Non-metric multidimensional scaling

NOEC:

No effective concentration

PCA:

principal component analysis

PEL:

Probable Effect Level

QA/QC:

Quality Assurance and Quality Control procedure

SES:

Santos Estuarine System

SSOS:

Santos Sewage Outfall System

SQT:

Sediment quality triad

TEL:

Threshold Effect Levels

TOC:

total organic carbon

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UNESP Campus do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil

    D. M. S. Abessa & L. B. Moreira

  2. Instituto Oceanográfico da USP, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil

    D. M. S. Abessa, B. R. F. Rachid, L. P. Zaroni, M. R. Gasparro, Y. A. Pinto, M. C. Bícego & E. C. P. M. Sousa

  3. BR Ambiental, Rua Corinto, 739, sala 91-a, São Paulo, SP, 05586-069, Brazil

    B. R. F. Rachid

  4. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas Nucleares, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    M. A. Hortellan & J. E. S. Sarkis

  5. Facultad de Ciencias – UdelaR, Sección Oceanología, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay

    P. Muniz

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  1. D. M. S. Abessa
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Abessa, D.M.S., Rachid, B.R.F., Zaroni, L.P. et al. Natural factors and chemical contamination control the structure of macrobenthic communities in the Santos Estuarine System (SP, Brazil). COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 20, 121–137 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1556/168.2019.20.2.3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/168.2019.20.2.3

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