Abstract
The dissolution of malachite particles in ammonium carbamate (AC) solutions was investigated in a batch reactor, using the parameters of temperature, AC concentration, particle size, and stirring speed. The shrinking core model was evaluated for the dissolution rate increased by decreasing particle size and increasing the temperature and AC concentration. No important effect was observed for variations in stirring speed. Dissolution curves were evaluated in order to test shrinking core models for fluid-solid systems. The dissolution rate was determined as being controlled by surface chemical reaction. The activation energy of the leaching process was determined as 46.04 kJ mol−1.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawal, A., & Sahu, K. K. (2010). Problems, prospects and current trends of copper recycling in India: An overview. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54, 401–416. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.09.005.
Akcil, A. (2002). A preliminary research on acid pressure leaching of pyritic copper ore in Kure Copper Mine, Turkey. Minerals Engineering, 15, 1193–1197. DOI: 10.1016/s0892-6875(02)00268-6.
Amores, M., Coedo, A. G., & Alguacil, F. J. (1997). Extraction of copper from sulphate solutions by MOC 45: Application to Cu separation from leachates of a copper flue dust. Hydrometallurgy, 47, 99–112. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-386x(97)00038-8.
Arzutug, M. E., Kocakerim, M. M., & Çopur, M. (2004). Leaching of malachite ore in NH3-saturated water. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 43, 4118–4123. DOI: 10.1021/ie0342558.
Ata, O. N., Çolak, S., Ekinci, Z., & Çopur, M. (2001). Determination of the optimum conditions for leaching of malachite ore in H2SO4 solutions. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 24, 409–413. DOI: 10.1002/1521-4125(200104)24:4<409∷AID-CEAT409>3.0.CO;2-0.
Baba, A. A., & Adekola, F. A. (2010). Hydrometallurgical processing of a Nigerian sphalerite in hydrochloric acid: Characterization and dissolution kinetics. Hydrometallurgy, 101, 69–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.12.001.
Bingöl, D., & Canbazoğlu, M. (2004). Dissolution kinetics of malachite in sulphuric acid. Hydrometallurgy, 72, 159–165. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2003.10.002.
Dib, A., & Makhloufi, L. (2004). Cementation treatment of copper in wastewater: mass transfer in a fixed bed of iron spheres. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 43, 1265–1273. DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2003.12.006.
Ekinci, Z., Colak, S., Cakici, A., & Sarac, H. (1998). Leaching kinetics of sphalerite with pyrite in chlorine saturated water. Minerals Engineering, 11, 279–283. DOI: 10.1016/s0892-6875(98)00006-5.
Ekmekyapar, A., Aktaş, E., Künkül, A., & Demirkiran, N. (2012). Investigation of leaching kinetics of copper from malachite ore in ammonium nitrate solutions. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 43, 764–772. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-012-9670-2.
Habbache, N., Alane, N., Djerad, S., & Tifouti, L. (2009). Leaching of copper oxide with different acid solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 152, 503–508. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2009.05.020.
Jena, P. K., Barbosa-Filho, O., & Vasconcelos, I. C. (1999). Studies on the kinetics of slurry chlorination of a sphalerite concentrate by chlorine gas. Hydrometallurgy, 52, 111–122. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-386x(98)00067-x.
Künkül, A., Kocakerim, M. M., Yapici, S., & Demirbağ, A. (1994). Leaching kinetics of malachite in ammonia solutions. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 41, 167–182. DOI: 10.1016/0301-7516(94)90026-4.
Liu, W., Tang, M. T., Tang, C. B., He, J., Yang, S. H., & Yang, J. G. (2010). Dissolution kinetics of low grade complex copper ore in ammonia-ammonium chloride solution. Transaction of Nonferrous Metal Society of China, 20, 910–917. DOI: 10.1016/s1003-6326(09)60235-1.
Liu, Z. X., Yin, Z. L., Hu, H. P., & Chen, Q. Y. (2012). Dissolution kinetics of malachite in ammonia/ammonium sulphate solution. Journal of Central South University, 19, 903–910. DOI: 10.1007/s11771-012-1091-5.
Park, K. H., Mohapatra, D., Reddy, B. R., & Nam, C. W. (2007). A study on the oxidative ammonia/ammonium sulphate leaching of a complex (Cu—Ni—Co—Fe) matte. Hydrometallurgy, 86, 164–171. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.11.012.
Schmidt, J. E., Dudis, D. S., & Miller, D. J. (2012). Expendable high energy density thermal management material: Ammonium carbamate. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 26, 345–351. DOI: 10.2514/1.t3776.
Sun, X. L., Chen, B. Z., Yang, X. Y., & Liu, Y. Y. (2009). Technological conditions and kinetics of leaching copper from complex copper oxide ore. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 16, 936–941. DOI: 10.1007/s11771-009-0156-6.
Wen, C. Y. (1968). Noncatalytic heterogeneous solid-fluid reaction models. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 60, 34–54. DOI: 10.1021/ie50705a007.
Wu, D. D., Wen, S. M., Yang, J., Deng, J. S., & Jiang, L. (2013). Dissolution kinetics of malachite as an alternative copper source with an organic leach reagent. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 46, 677–682. DOI: 10.1252/jcej.13we035.
Yartaşi, A., & Çopur, M. (1996). Dissolution kinetics of copper(II) oxide in ammonium chloride solutions. Minerals Engineering, 9, 693–698. DOI: 10.1016/0892-6875(96)00057-x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mao, YB., Deng, JS., Wen, SM. et al. Reaction kinetics of malachite in ammonium carbamate solution. Chem. Pap. 69, 1187–1192 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2015-0128
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2015-0128