Administrative information

Note: This protocol’s numbers in curly brackets refer to SPIRIT checklist item numbers. The order of the items has been modified to group similar items (see http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/spirit-2013-statement-defining-standard-protocol-items-for-clinical-trials/).

Title {1}

Different dosages of vonoprazan for gastroesophageal reflux disease: Study protocol for a pragmatic, crossover-cluster, randomized controlled trial with patient preference arms

Trial registration {2a and 2b}.

Trial identifier: ChiCTR2300069857

Registry name: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry

Vonoprazan for gastroesophageal reflux disease: Study protocol for a pragmatic, crossover-cluster, randomized controlled trial

Protocol version {3}

Date: February 18, 2023

Version identifier: Version 2

Funding {4}

None

Author details {5a}

Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

Name and contact information for the trial sponsor {5b}

Name: Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

Contact information: 027-85726114

Role of sponsor {5c}

Role of study sponsor: study design; management and interpretation of data; checking of the study report; the decision to submit the report for publication; and the ultimate authority over any of these activities.

Introduction

Background and rationale {6a}

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder characterized by heartburn or acid regurgitation as a result of reflux of the gastric contents, classified as erosive esophagitis (EE) or non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) [1]. The pooled prevalence of GERD reported in a meta-analysis was 10.0% in Asia and 2.5% in China [2]. PPIs are recommended as first-line therapy to treat GERD. However, some unmet needs exist, such as nocturnal acid breakthrough and CYP2C19 phenotype-related variability in efficacy.

Vonoprazan is currently indicated for the treatment of acid-related diseases, such as gastric and duodenal ulcers, Helicobacter pylori infection, and GERD [3,4,5]. Vonoprazan is a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) that blocks H+/K+ ATPase competitively and reversibly [6]. It is rapidly absorbed and reaches the maximum plasma level within 2 h. However, the plasma half-life (t1/2) was much longer (t1/2: about 7 h with 20 mg of vonoprazan) than conventional proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) (t1/2: about 1–2 h), and the pH > 4 holding time of vonoprazan (20–40 mg) was longer than conventional PPIs [7]. Indeed, vonoprazan results in a more rapid onset of action, longer duration of action, and more sustained acid suppression, irrespective of CYP2C19 [7, 8].

Vonoprazan could be used on NERD patients

Several researches showed that vonoprazan, compared with PPIs, could better relieve symptoms and heal mucosal for GERD patients [5, 9,10,11]. In the multicenter study of Asian participants, EE healing rates appeared higher with vonoprazan versus lansoprazole [5]. Complete sustained heartburn relief was achieved sooner with vonoprazan than lansoprazole in Japanese participants [12]. The benefit may be due to the more potent and longer-lasting inhibition of acid secretion provided by vonoprazan [13, 14].

More than 50% of GERD exhibit normal esophageal mucosa on upper endoscopy, diagnosed as NERD, which is also acid-related [15, 16]. However, reflux symptoms of patients with NERD were not entirely resolved in approximately half of them treated with PPIs [17, 18]. A previous study in Japan showed that the mean severity of heartburn is lower with vonoprazan compared with placebo in patients with NERD [19]. Although vonoprazan has only been approved for the treatment of EE in China [20], it is still unknown for the resolution of symptoms of Chinese patients with NERD when treated with vonoprazan.

The clinical benefit of increased dosage is worth discovering

Complete sustained heartburn relief was achieved in 62.5% of GERD patients with vonoprazan 20 mg daily during the first week of therapy, and the proportion of patients without heartburn at week 8 was 70.5% [5, 12]. The rate of endoscopic healing of EE with vonoprazan 20 mg daily during the second week, fourth-week, and eighth-week treatment period was 75%, 85.3%, and 92.4%, respectively [5]. Herein, 30–40% of GERD patients cannot achieve the goal of treatment with vonoprazan 20 mg daily.

A single dose of vonoprazan 1–120 mg in healthy volunteers was well-tolerated, producing a rapid, profound, and dose-dependent suppression of 24-h gastric acid secretion [21]. In patients with GERD using a range of acid-suppressing drugs with different mechanisms of action, acid-suppressed time of intra-gastric and intra-esophageal pH > 4 is a good predictor of healing and symptom relief [22,23,24,25]. In healthy Japanese volunteers, the pH > 4 holding time of vonoprazan 20 mg twice daily was potently higher than vonoprazan 20 mg once daily [14]. As vonoprazan 20 mg twice daily provides more potent acid suppression, the potential of higher symptom relief rates and healing rates of GERD patients are worth exploring.

Different dosing times could be a predictive factor of clinical effectiveness

Approximately 80% of GERD patients with frequent heartburn develop it at night [26, 27]. Treatment failures of night symptoms on PPIs result from NAB, which might be provoked by class-specific factors of PPIs, including short t1/2 and irreversible binding to H+/K+ ATPase, which result in reduced exposure to proton pumps synthesized at night [28, 29]. In addition, gastric acid secretion has a circadian profile that peaks between 10 PM and 2 AM, which may represent a fundamental cause of this phenomenon [30]. In Japan, when EE patients with nocturnal symptoms take vonoprazan 20 mg daily before breakfast, only 31.3% achieved complete relief of nocturnal heartburn on day 1 [12]. When healthy Korean volunteers took vonoprazan 20 mg daily at around 10 PM for at least 3 h of fasting, the gastric acid suppression at night (% time at pH ≥ 4) was 60.5% during the post-dose pH monitoring on day 1 [31]. A single dose of vonoprazan (20 mg) can increase the intragastric pH to almost seven within 4 h, and the mean elimination t1/2 was up to 9 h [22]. The failures of night symptom relief may be due to the interval from taking vonoprazan to night symptoms being longer than elimination t1/2 of vonoprazan. Therefore, the night symptom relief may benefit from the night dosing time.

The study protocol has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2300069857). We adhered to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines in the design of the protocol [32, 33].

Objectives {7}

In summary, vonoprazan for treating GERD still requires evidence regarding the following critical questions: Could vonoprazan be used on NERD patients in China? Could increase dosage and different timing of vonoprazan treatment benefit GERD patients in China? We hypothesize that (1) vonoprazan could relieve the symptoms of Chinese patients with NERD, (2) increased dosage could increase the symptom relief rate and healing rate of GERD, and (3) taking vonoprazan once daily around dinner will result in better nocturnal symptom resolution of GERD. We initiated a pragmatic, open-label, crossover-cluster, randomized-controlled trial (RCT) with patient-preference arms to validate the hypotheses.

Trial design {8}

This study will be a multicenter, pragmatic, crossover-cluster RCT with patient-preference arms. After screening, 48 eligible hospitals in China are the sites of randomization. These hospitals will first be divided into two sets: a compulsory randomization cluster (24 hospitals) and a patient preference cluster (24 hospitals) by cluster randomization (Fig. 1). Three interventions will be implemented among participants, and both non-inferiority and superiority tests will be done in the statistical analysis.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow chart of the study. (1) A regimen: vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after breakfast; (2) B regimen: vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after dinner; (3) C regimen: vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after breakfast and after dinner

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Methods: participants, interventions, and outcomes

Study setting {9}

After conducting unified and standardized training, 48 eligible academic hospitals passed the training and assessment and are ultimately included in this study (Table 1).

Table 1 Study sites of this study
Full size table

Eligibility criteria {10}

Patients recruited from the gastroenterology department in hospitals will be prospectively recruited prior to treatment of GERD. Eligibility to participate will be assessed as follows. GERD patients include EE and NERD. EE is defined by the Los Angeles (LA) classification (grade A/B/C/D). Patients with typical symptoms (heartburn or regurgitation) but without EE are defined as NERD. All patients are eligible for the allocated intervention if they meet each of the following inclusion criteria:

  1. 1)

     ≥ 18 years old

  2. 2)

    Patients having completed upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the past year

  3. 3)

    Patients with typical (heartburn or regurgitation) or untypical symptoms (retrosternal burning pain or discomfort) for at least 1 month

  4. 4)

    NERD patients or EE patients (LA grade A) with GERD Questionnaire (GERD-Q) ≥ 8, or EE patients (LA grade B/C/D)

  5. 5)

    Patients are willing to adhere to the allocated regimens and the follow-up procedure.

Patients are to be excluded from the allocated intervention if, at the time of presentation, they meet any of the following criteria:

  1. 1)

    Patients taking gastric acid-inhibited drugs (PPIs, H2RA, and other PCABs) and prokinetic drugs in the last week

  2. 2)

    Patients receiving atazanavir, rilpivirine and nelfinavir

  3. 3)

    Patients with acute peptic ulcer, previous gastric or esophageal surgery history

  4. 4)

    Patients with diseases of the hepatobiliary system such as jaundice, cholelithiasis, and hypohepatia

  5. 5)

    Patients with serious diseases such as hepatic failure, renal insufficiency, and cancers

  6. 6)

    Pregnant and lactating women

  7. 7)

    Patients with communication and mental disorders

Who will take informed consent? {26a}

Informed consent will be signed by two sides (blinded physicians and patients) at the outpatient clinic before screening. Patients will read the printed consent and have sufficient time for patients to fully consider whether to participate. The blinded physicians will explain the research process and answer questions from the patients during the consent duration.

Additional consent provisions for collection and use of participant data and biological specimens {26b}

Not applicable. No samples will be collected.

Interventions

Explanation for the choice of comparators {6b}

In many countries, vonoprazan 20 mg is the approved dose to treat GERD [5, 20]. In China, the recommended dose is vonoprazan 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks. Vonoprazan was well tolerated, and no drug-related severe adverse effects were reported in Asian patients with vonoprazan [5]. To sum up, the choice of comparator, vonoprazan 20 mg once daily, is justified.

Intervention description {11a}

The treatment regimens include (1) A regimen: vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after breakfast; (2) B regimen: vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after dinner; and (3) C regimen: vonoprazan 20 mg p.o. after breakfast and after dinner. Patients should take the drug before 10 AM or 10 PM, respectively.

Criteria for discontinuing or modifying allocated interventions {11b}

Patients will be grouped into three vonoprazan regimens for the compulsory randomization cluster. For the preference cluster, patients can choose to enter each group based on their preference for managing GERD, whereas the patients will be randomized if they have no clear preference. Suppose patients discontinued or modified the allocated interventions. In that case, their data will not be assessed, and their symptom e-diary and follow-up visits post-discontinuation and modifying interventions will not be collected. However, the adverse effects will continue to be tracked by researchers.

The researchers may terminate the interventions (1) if patients are with poor adherence; (2) if clinical adverse effects occur, patients could no longer obtain the best interest in this trial; (3) if disease progression worsens; and (4) if patients meet exclusion criteria. If a study-related harm occurs, the researchers will handle related harm according to standard medical procedures.

Strategies to improve adherence to interventions {11c}

Firstly, preferred interventions have previously been shown to promote treatment adherence. Besides, we will regularly check the symptom e-diary online remotely. If missing data is noted, we will remind the patients by phone to continue the e-diary.

Relevant concomitant care permitted or prohibited during the trial {11d}

Patients can maintain regular treatment for comorbidities during the trial, such as antihypertensive and glucose-lowering drugs. However, all patients will be prohibited from receiving other gastric acid-inhibited drugs (PPIs, H2RA, and other PCABs) and prokinetic drugs.

Provisions for post-trial care {30}

If participants suffer any harm from the trial, they will be treated according to the standard medical procedures.

Outcomes {12}

The primary outcome is the symptom relief rate of all patients after 4-week therapy. The symptom relief is defined as the frequency of symptoms in the fourth week, which was 75% improved from the baseline.

Secondary outcomes are as follows: (1) the severity of symptoms in the fourth week. The severity of symptoms will be assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score from 0 to 10, and the severity of the fourth week will be the average score of 7 days of the fourth week; (2) the healing rate of EE patients after 4 weeks of therapy. The healing is defined as no erosion of the esophageal mucosa in the endoscopic reexamination; (3) the compliance of the 4-week therapy. The compliance will be measured by the medication days completed ratios during 4 weeks; (4) the recurrent symptoms and the frequency of self-conscious doctor visits of GERD at the sixth-month visit.

Participant timeline {13}

Patients will attend a baseline visit, a 4-week treatment visit, and a 6-month follow-up visit online. At the baseline visit, we will collect health information about demographics, comorbidities, medication history, endoscopic diagnosis, symptoms of GERD (frequency and severity), quality of life (by Health-Related Quality-of-Life, GERD-HRQL), sleep quality (by Pittsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI), and mental health (by 7-tiem Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, GAD-7; Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9). The symptoms of GERD were according to GERD-Q, Reflux Disease Questionnaires (RDQ), and Reflux Symptom Index (RSI).

During the treatment of 4 weeks, patients should record the severity and frequency of GERD-related symptoms daily in the online diary (e-diary). At the 4-week online visit, we will re-assess endoscopic diagnosis (only EE patients), symptoms of GERD, and adverse effect (AE) data. We will also record the details of patient compliance in the 4-week e-diary and visit. At the 6-month visit, we will record the recurrent symptoms of GERD and the details of self-conscious doctor visits of GERD (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Schedule of enrolment, interventions, and assessments

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Sample size {14}

The sample size was calculated by PASS 15. We will do a non-inferiority test between control group A (A regimen) and test group B (B regimen). We estimate the response rate of vonoprazan in test group B and control group A was 70% [5, 12]. The sample size of each cluster is 50(M). The calculation is based on an intra-cluster correlation of 0.02. The non-inferiority response rate is 60%. For 80% power at an alpha level of 0.025 with a one-side test, the required number of control and test groups are both 14.

The superiority test will be done between control group A (A regimen) and test group C (C regimen). We estimate the response rate of vonoprazan in test group B and control group C was 70% and 78%, respectively [5, 12], and the superiority response rate is 80%. The intra-cluster correlation is 0.02. We estimate the sample size of each cluster is 50(M), and control group A has 15 clusters. For 80% power at an alpha level of 0.025 with a one-side test, the required number of test group C was 16.

We will implement the three interventions with the patient allocation ratio of 1:1:1. Therefore, the number of clusters in each group will be 16(K), and the study’s sample size is 16 × 3 × 50 = 2400. With conservative estimates of a 16.7% dropout rate among patients at each site, at least 2880 participants (60 participants per site) should be included in this study.

Recruitment {15}

Recruitment posters at the gastroenterology clinic and website recruitment advertisements will be used.

Assignment of interventions: allocation

Sequence generation {16a}

The number of hospitals was computer-generated random numbers, and cluster randomization will be used to ensure that each site will have a balanced distribution among interventions. The crossover-cluster design was according to the calendar month in each site.

Concealment mechanism {16b}

The qualified researchers, independent of the trial implementation, are responsible for generating and maintaining the database’s randomization list. Central randomization will be used to minimize the selection bias.

Implementation {16c}

The independent researchers will generate the allocation sequence. Blinded physicians at the clinic will screen and enroll the eligible patients. The assignment schedule is unpredictable and locked away from the enrollment physicians. So the enrolled patients will obtain the assigned interventions from another unblinded prescription physician.

Assignment of interventions: blinding

Who will be blinded {17a}

Patients will not be blinded. Besides, physicians who participated in our study included two categories. Enrollment physicians (blinded) will be responsible for enrollment, data collection, follow-up visits, and outcome evaluation. Prescribing physicians (unblinded) will be specialized in prescribing the drugs according to the randomization.

Procedure for unblinding if needed {17b}

Patients and prescribing physicians cannot be blinded to the intervention. However, physicians related to data management and statisticians will be blinded to avoid information bias. For the independent statisticians, the names and clusters will be replaced by the unique randomization numbers, and the interventions will also be maintained by specific group names (regimen A/B/C). Plain language summaries and consent forms will use neutral wording on the effectiveness of different regimens to maintain equipoise and to avoid expectancy effects among unblinded patients.

Data collection and management

Plans for assessment and collection of outcomes {18a}

The consent will be obtained before any assessment, including the patient demographic. All patients will be approached for enrolment for data collection within the trial by site study physicians. The study physician will be responsible for patient recruitment and open-label treatment at each site. A clinical coordinator will regularly remind patients of online visits in time. Brief demographic details of all patients approached but not enrolled and the reason for nonenrolment will be recorded on a screening and enrolment log to determine selection bias. Before starting the trial, all researchers will be trained on the standard operating procedure, and ePRO database system use and complete simulated baseline and follow-up visits.

We will collect data by electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes (ePRO) data, health information from the hospital’s electronic medical record system, and external data. ePRO is self-reported data applicable to the primary study endpoint of this study—subjective symptom improvement of patients. ePRO data will be uploaded under the guidance of the clinical coordinator at any visits and daily records by patients. Each hospital’s structured and standardized electronic medical record system will provide comprehensive health information, including demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory examinations, and endoscopy reports. In addition, medical reports provided by other suppliers are defined as external data.

Except in the rare case of patient preference or equipment failure, when participants complete a paper version, all patients will complete the questionnaires online. The Wenjuanxing website building in the WeChat Official Account is planned as the data collection platform for this study.

Plans to promote participant retention and complete follow-up {18b}

We will remind participants to complete the follow-up by phone call or message. The last two visits will be scheduled for the fourth week ± 3 days and the sixth month ± 14 days, respectively. If a patient does not complete the visit within the scheduled period for any reason, we will not collect follow-up data for that period, and the data for that visit will be considered missing. Patients will drop out of the study if they fail to complete the 2 weeks of e-diary of symptoms.

Data management {19}

The data management plan will be formulated under the guidance of authoritative experts following the technical guidelines for Chinese clinical trial data management [34]. Data collected from different hospitals should be stored in the database. The database will be set up and maintained using Microsoft Excel 2019 to ensure data quality. Microsoft Excel is a system for safely inputting, storing, and retrieving research data. The database is accessible only via password-protected computers by qualified researchers. These computers are located in dedicated, locked key-entry research offices accessible only by researchers who have signed a study-specific confidentiality agreement. We will store data on another independent computer that is backed up daily. The final data set will be backed up on Compact Disc Read—Only Memory (CD-ROM). If the database is irreparably damaged, the latest backup data set will be used to restore the database and input the following supplementary data.

The data manager shall check all collected data promptly and initiate the data queries of the problems found, including manual checks and computer program checks. For example, specific functions in Excel can test for null and abnormal values. Before the clinical trial database is locked, the physician, the data manager, and the statistical analyst shall solve the problems with blinded access. The data editing permissions for the database should be withdrawn once the database locking has been approved in writing, and the withdrawal date should be documented.

Confidentiality {27}

This trial will follow the Personal Information Protection Law of China. The database will be kept confidential and anonymous. It records the specific codes of patients rather than their full names. In presentations or publications arising from this study, information will be provided in such a way that patients cannot be identified. No study details can be disclosed to unauthorized third parties without prior approval.

Plans for collection, laboratory evaluation, and storage of biological specimens for genetic or molecular analysis in this trial/future use {33}

Not applicable. No specimens will be collected.

Statistical methods

Statistical methods for primary and secondary outcomes {20a}

We will analyze patients in the treatment group to which they are allocated according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. All analyses will be undertaken at the patient level. The hypothesis will be examined by two contrasts (between A and B regimens and between A and C regimens) evaluating the effectiveness of vonoprazan treatment. We will present numerical variables as means or medians (interquartile range) and categorical variables as counts and percentages (with 95% confidence interval). We will use a significance level of 0.05.

Interim analyses {21b}

Electronic data will be performed at any interim analysis only by blinded data analysts, and the trial steering committee will have access to these interim results and make the final decision to terminate the trial.

Methods for additional analyses (e.g., subgroup analyses) {20b}

Data analysis will be conducted separately for the randomized and nonrandomized sets. For the randomized set, continuous variables will be compared by t-tests, and categorical variables will be compared by chi-square tests. These analyses will not be adjusted for covariates unless factors are significantly unbalanced at baseline. We will utilize linear-mixed models or logistic regression models, depending on the data distribution for the nonrandomized set, to adjust potential confounders. The between-group difference will be measured by the mean differences for continuous outcomes (i.e., symptom scores) and the risk ratios for binary outcomes (i.e., symptom relief rate).

Subgroup analyses will also be conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the interventions in different subtypes based on our clinical experience (i.e., Time of symptom occurrence, Grade of EE, comorbidities). In addition, subgroup analyses comparing patients who underwent compulsory and voluntary randomization will be carried out to validate the impact of patient preference on the effects.

Descriptive statistics will be provided for safety data. The number of patients reporting any AEs or suppose serious adverse events (SAEs) and the occurrence of specific SAEs will be tabulated.

Methods in analysis to handle protocol non-adherence and any statistical methods to handle missing data {20c}

We will examine the missing data mechanisms for handling missing data, including missing entirely at random, missing at random, and missing not at random. The proportion of valid reasons for missing data will determine the need to impute missing values. Appropriate methods, such as the multiple imputation and pattern mixture models, are used if imputation is necessary. A range of sensitivity analyses to examine the robustness of the primary model results will be performed to explore the impact of the results of different missing data techniques under the same and different missingness assumptions.

Plans to give access to the full protocol, participant-level data, and statistical code {31c}

The plans of this study are available on the clinical trial registration website.

Oversight and monitoring

Composition of the coordinating center and trial steering committee {5d}

A trial steering committee (TSC) will be established for quality assurance, protocol amendments, study conduct, and outcome assessment. The TSC will be supplemented by members, including gastroenterologists, methodologists, and statisticians with strong expertise who are not otherwise affiliated with the project or its involved institutions.

The TSC will have regular meetings to supervise trial updates of all sites closely. It will have unblinded access to study data and could decide whether to continue the trial based on the safety, effectiveness, and compliance assessment results. The details of monitoring are as follows:

  1. 1)

    Study conduct: The principal clinical coordinator of each hospital will be responsible for reporting the trial’s progress to TSC. Recruitment and retention rates will be monitored closely to mitigate the risk of slow recruitment over the trial period.

  2. 2)

    Endpoint adjudication: Independent gastroenterologists were responsible for reviewing the assessment of the primary and secondary outcomes. They will make the final decision to terminate the trial.

Composition of the data monitoring committee, its role and reporting structure {21a}

The data monitoring committee (DMC) will also be supplemented by gastroenterologists, methodologists, and statisticians who are not otherwise affiliated with the project or its involved institutions. A trial database will be set up and maintained using Microsoft Excel 2019, and the DMC will be responsible for data quality management and safety monitoring. Data monitoring will require on-site monitoring centrally. The DMC meeting will be held four times: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the patients completed the trial procedure. The monitoring will be performed according to the Technical Guidelines for Clinical Trial Data Management by the Chinese National Medical Products Administration [34].

Adverse event reporting and harms {22}

AEs are adverse medical events that occur after patients have received the intervention drugs, which can be manifested as symptoms, diseases, or laboratory abnormalities. AEs will be reported as recommended by laws and regulations by the China Food and Drug Administration. Responsible enrolled physicians will evaluate AE occurrence periodically for causality, expectedness, and severity. To avoid bias in obtaining AE information, researchers should use the non-leading question, “How have you been feeling since your last visit?” AE reports should use medical terminology and be reported as a single diagnosis or as separate signs or symptoms. The details of AE include the occurrence time, symptoms, clinical signs, severity, duration, laboratory reports, treatment process and prognosis, and follow-up time. The combination of drug use should be recorded in detail to analyze the correlation between AEs and the study’s intervention. Records should be signed and dated by researchers.

SAEs refer to adverse medical events such as death, life-threatening, permanent, or severe disability, loss of function, or the need for hospitalization after patients received the trial drug. When SAEs occur during the study, researchers must report SAEs to the provincial administration department, the responsible clinical research site, and the Medical Ethics Committee within 24 h or no later than the second working day. The researchers should sign and date the report.

AEs and SAEs will be recorded on the data collection form and database. The participating hospitals should ensure that reporting procedures meet the legal and regulatory requirements. In addition, all SAEs will be appointed to the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) for regular review.

Frequency and plans for auditing trial conduct {23}

The DMC will assign a dedicated, qualified individual not affiliated with the study to conduct regular inspections. This progress will prove the data source and ensure data reliability.

Plans for communicating necessary protocol amendments to relevant parties (e.g., trial participants, ethical committees) {25}

If the protocol changes during the implementation of the study, researchers will communicate the vital protocol modifications (e.g., changes to eligibility criteria, outcomes, and analyses). The TSC will have regular meetings to supervise the study’s amendments to relevant parties closely.

Dissemination plans {31a}

We will disseminate the study’s results widely through conference presentations or publications. The publication’s authors should be the directly related researchers of this study.

Discussion

Without effective treatment, severe complications of GERD, such as esophageal stricture, ulceration, or Barrett’s esophagus, may develop [35]. Vonoprazan offers rapid, potent, and long-term maintenance acid-inhibitory effects [36, 37]. Studies have reported that vonoprazan 20 mg is an appropriate dosage in Asia for the healing of EE, but there are still several unsolved problems for the resolution of GERD.

Firstly, vonoprazan was only approved to treat EE in China, but it is still unknown for the resolution of symptoms of Chinese patients with NERD. Secondly, there is no direct clinical evidence on different dosages of vonoprazan for GERD patients. Thirdly, different dosing times could be a predictive factor of the clinical effectiveness of vonoprazan. In summary, our proposed pragmatic RCT will assess different regimens of vonoprazan implemented with GERD patients.

We have several strengths in study design, as follows. Pragmatic effectiveness trial design could increase trial efficiency, facilitation of enrollment of broad cohorts, and ability to generate evidence relevant to the actual practice environment [38]. Different healthcare settings will support the generalizability of results, and a cluster randomized design with the interventions applied as part of usual clinical procedures was chosen to avoid contamination and maximize adherence, reliability, and generalizability of the results [39, 40]. A crossover component is added to provide all hospital sites with a standardized change of regimens. This allows us to control for confounding factors associated with differences in the organization and levels of background clinical procedures across hospitals [41, 42]. The current meta-analysis showed that matching patients to preferred interventions has previously been shown to promote outcomes such as treatment adherence and pain relief [43], so patient preference may influence the effectiveness of vonoprazan for GERD in real-world situations. This study’s evidence from nonrandom samples may also have better external validity. Besides, this design will help to recruit more participants and enhance the adherence of participants.

There are still some limitations. Patients without ineffective treatment may not easily adhere to the fourth-week and sixth-month follow-up visits. The physician’s explanation of the effectiveness of treatment during the informing process may help to overcome this. In addition, the baseline evaluation of symptoms may be affected by recall bias, which is inevitable when recalling symptoms of GERD. However, the bias would be the same for each group.

In summary, this will be the first pragmatic RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of different regimens of vonoprazan for GERD and will produce real-world evidence. We hope our results will inform policy decisions by providing reliable evidence about the clinical effectiveness of GERD treatment.

Trial status

The protocol version number and date: Version 2; February 18, 2023,

The date recruitment began: March 31, 2023

The approximate date when recruitment will be completed: February 28, 2025