Background

Even with adequate airway assessment before administering general anesthesia, the emergency event of “Can't Intubate Can't Oxygenate” (CICO) cannot be avoided entirely after induction of general anesthesia. If ventilation cannot be guaranteed at this time, it will lead to rapid hypoxic brain damage and even patients’ death. Cricothyrotomy is the preferred invasive intervention in response to CICO emergencies with unanticipated difficult airways. The 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Practice Guidelines for the Management of Difficult Airways emphasizes that if an invasive airway (such as cricothyrotomy) is required, it should be established as soon as possible and ensured by a trained physician with sufficient experience in invasive airway techniques [1]. Therefore, in addition to mastering the practices and procedures of difficult airway management, anesthesiologists are advised to strengthen training at ordinary times so they can respond promptly and effectively when difficult airways are encountered. However, CICO adverse events in clinical anesthesia are uncommon, and it is not possible to master this technology in routine clinical practice. Mastering this first-aid technology proficiently and resolving the airway crisis remains a troublesome issue when training qualified anesthesiologists. This study intends to establish an animal model of cricothyrotomy, aiming to train anesthesiologists to master cricothyrotomy and to improve anesthesiologists' ability to deal with CICO through repeated practice, helping to ensure the safety of patients' lives.

Materials and methods

Cricothyrotomy animal model preparation

A prominent local slaughterhouse was selected, and the slaughtered mature pigs were placed in a supine position. The limbs were fixed, and the mandibular soft tissue and thorax were cut open in sequence to expose the epiglottis cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and trachea. The epiglottis cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and trachea were isolated, and a 20 cm*30 cm piece of pig skin was peeled off (hair removed, no subcutaneous tissue). Cover the airway specimen with pig skin in preparation for cricothyrotomy. A total of 120 samples were prepared (Fig. 1, Fig. 2).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Pig larynx and trachea specimens after complete separation

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Laryngeal and trachea specimens covered with pigskin

Full size image

Cricothyrotomy training

Training subjects

Forty residents in the Anesthesiology Department of Ningxia Medical University.

Training location

Clinical Skills Training Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University.

Instrument preparation

Disposable sterile gloves, No. 10 surgical blade, bougie with a curved head, and 6.0 mm endotracheal tube with cuff.

Theoretical training

Media explanation of the 2022 version of ASA difficult airway management practice guidelines, knowledge updates, and the critical points of cricothyrotomy.

Operational training

An experienced senior anesthesiologist will demonstrate how to standardize the implementation of cricothyrotomy. (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Experienced senior anesthesiologists demonstrate standard implementation of cricothyrotomy to resident physicians in the Department of Anesthesiology

Full size image

Implementation of cricothyrotomy

Each physician completed three rounds of operations according to the standard and recorded the successful operation time and first-time success rate of cricothyrotomy. First, the porcine cricothyrotomy model was placed on the operating table face up (Fig. 4). Then the operator, wearing gloves, stood on the right side of the model and fixed (stabilized) the trachea in front of the neck using the thumb and middle finger of the left hand. Then the index finger of the left hand was slid up and down to determine the position of the cricothyroid membrane (Fig. 5). The operator held the No. 10 scalpel blade firmly in the right hand, with the blade facing the operator, and incised the cricothyroid membrane vertically, downward, and horizontally (Fig. 6). The scalpel 90° was rotated clockwise to enlarge the cutting-edge. Keeping the scalpel still, it was replaced with the left hand, holding it steadily while inserting the bougie into the trachea 10–15 cm along with the right hand (Fig. 7). The scalpel was then removed, and a 6.0 mm endotracheal tube was advanced into the trachea by a bougie. Finally, the endotracheal tube cuff was inflated, the pressure was less than 30 cm H2O, and a simple respirator was connected to simulate assisted ventilation (Fig. 8). The observation of reciprocal movement in the respiratory balloon attached to the distal end of the tracheal tube, in synchrony with the utilization of a manual resuscitator for simulated assisted ventilation, served as a reliable indicator of successful endotracheal intubation.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Training site

Full size image
Fig. 5
figure 5

Experienced senior anesthesiologists use their fingers to distinguish between laryngeal cartilage and Cricothyroid membrane

Full size image
Fig. 6
figure 6

Lateral incision for open cricothyrotomy technique

Full size image
Fig. 7
figure 7

Bougie insertion

Full size image
Fig. 8
figure 8

Size 6.0 mm endotracheal tube is advanced over bougie, which has been placed through open cricothyrotomy

Full size image

Evaluation of the cricothyrotomy model

After completing the cricothyrotomy procedure, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the participating residents using a Likert scale. The participants were asked to rate the utility of the training course on a scale of 1 ((minimum) to 5 ((maximum).

Statistical analysis

SPSS 26.0 software (IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analysis. Measurement data that conformed to normal distribution were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (\(\overline{x }\) ± SD). Comparisons within the group was performed by repeated measures data analysis of variance (ANOVA), and comparisons between groups were evaluated using one-way ANOVA. P < 0.05 was established as statistical significance.

Results

Comparison of timed and success rated for three rounds of cricothyrotomy by physicians

Compared with the operation time of the first round, the operation time of each physicians’ second and third rounds was significantly shorter (P < 0.05). Compared with the operation time of the second round, the operation time of the third round of each group was significantly shorter (P < 0.05) (Table 1). In the first round of the operation, one person in the first group and one in the fourth group failed on the first time, and the first-time success rate of the other groups was 100%.

Table 1 Comparison of operation times in three rounds of each physician in four groups \(\left(s, \overline{x } \pm s\right)\)
Full size table

Survey on the cricothyrotomy model among participants

The results of survey after training were highly positive, indicating strong endorsement from the participating residents and an increased proficiency in performing the cricothyrotomy procedure.(Table2).

Table 2 Survey on the cricothyrotomy model among anesthesiologists
Full size table

Discussion

Results of the present study show that the porcine larynx and trachea model reasonably simulates a human model of cricothyroidotomy, providing a suitable model for training anesthesiologists. Among 40 trainees performed the cricothyrotomy procedure three consecutive times, the success rate of the first round of cricothyrotomy was 95%, and the success rate of the second and third rounds of cricothyrotomy was 100%. The results of survey after training indicated the strong endorsement from the participating residents in performing the cricothyrotomy procedure by using the porcine larynx and trachea model.

The incidence of CICO emergency airway has been significantly reduced in recent years due to the rapid development of medical technology and medical equipment, especially the wide application of various airway management tools such as video laryngoscope, laryngeal mask, and flexible electronic endoscopic [2]. In routine clinical practice, emergencies requiring cricothyrotomy are infrequent, and most anesthesiologists are relatively inexperienced in performing the procedure [3]. The Fourth National Survey in the United Kingdom reported that the failure rate of cricothyrotomy performed by anesthesiologists was as high as 64% [4]. Since anesthesiologists are unfamiliar with the cricothyrotomy procedure and lack clinical experience, they will inevitably lack confidence in establishing a surgical airway in emergency airway management, so they are likely to hesitate due to fear of failure, causing them to miss the best rescue opportunity [5, 6]. Therefore, it becomes essential to choose a suitable cricothyrotomy practice model that will help improve the success rate of anesthesiologists in performing cricothyrotomy in emergencies, and effectively improve the success rate of emergency airway rescue [7].

Results of the present study showed that repeated practice of using the porcine larynx and trachea model significantly reduced the time for resident physicians in the Department of Anesthesiology to perform cricothyrotomy, suggesting that anesthesiologists can quickly master cricothyrotomy after training. Similarly, Shetty et al. reported that the time to complete a cricothyrotomy was significantly shorter after each participant's consecutive cricothyrotomy attempts, which is consistent with our findings [8]. The 2022 ASA practice guidelines for difficult airway management emphasize that emergency cricothyrotomy is the last treatment option for CICO. Although it is rarely used as an option for resolving critical airway events, anesthesiologists should still practice diligently to ensure that emergency cricothyrotomy can be performed at any time [1]. Therefore, it is crucial to train anesthesiologists to master cricothyrotomy using animal models, to calmly deal with critical emergency situations and difficult airway events, helping to ensure the safety of patients' lives with adequate preparation via clinical practice teaching methods.

Plastic models are often used in clinical teaching, but they do not effectively simulate human tissues. Under natural conditions, the failure rate of cricothyrotomy is high, making it essential to establish a solid model for simulation teaching of cricothyrotomy. Due to the similarity of the porcine anatomy to that of human beings, porcine models are widely used in medical research and teaching [9,10,11,12,13]. The present study constructed pig larynx and trachea models by which to practice cricothyrotomy with the ultimate goal of improving clinicians' ability to deal with emergency airways.

Compared to previous studies using porcine trachea models [11,12,13], this study employed fresh porcine skin to cover the model, aiming to better simulate the sensation of human skin. This improvement allowed trainees to have a more realistic experience during simulated procedures, enhancing the practicality and realism of the training. Unlike artificial materials or other animal skins, the trainees said that the use of porcine skin in this study provided a closer resemblance in appearance and texture to human skin, enabling trainees to better perceive the tactile sensations and haptic feedback during actual operations. Another innovation of this model is its disposable nature. In contrast to the reusable models used in previous research [11], this study utilized disposable models to avoid the traces and damages associated with repeated use, thereby maintaining consistency and accuracy in each training session. This design ensured that every trainee could undergo training under the same conditions, improving the comparability and reliability of the training outcomes.

However, there are several limitations in this study. Firstly, the distance from the skin to the trachea in our porcine trachea models remains relatively consistent, which fails to simulate the varying subcutaneous tissue thickness observed in patients of different body weights. Secondly, our trainees consisted solely of first-year and second-year residents who lacked prior clinical experience with cricothyrotomy, making it challenging to ascertain whether this model effectively replicates human cricothyrotomy. Additionally, our survey questionnaire did not gather feedback from each student. In conclusion, the porcine larynx and trachea model is an excellent animal model for simulating and practicing cricothyrotomy, which will help anesthesiologists master cricothyrotomy and perform it proficiently in routine clinical practice.