1 Background

Hypospadias is the second most frequent congenital condition in boys after cryptorchidism, with an incidence of 0.3–0.7% compared to 2–4% for cryptorchidism [1]. Surgery should be offered for all forms of hypospadias, but there is no consensus on the minimum age for the surgery. The results of this surgery pose a problem because of its many complications. Since the 1980s, single-stage operations, such as the one described by DUCKETT [2], have been adopted by some authors [3]. Surgery for hypospadias can be done in one or more operative stages. Each technique has its own advantages, but one-stage procedures are often associated with complications and require reoperations [4]. The complication rates were 20%—50% [4]. The debate over the optimal treatment for hypospadias is ongoing and most believe that a two-stage procedure offers superior functional and cosmetic results with fewer complications like the Bracka technique. These procedures seem to be more adapted in our developing countries where the cost of surgery remains inaccessible to the majority of the patients. A few studies have evaluated the results of DUCKETT’s procedure for hypospadias in our countries. The aim of this work was to evaluate the results of DUCKETT's pedicled prepucial flap procedure for hypospadias treatment in a reference hospital in West Africa.

2 Methods

This is a retrospective study of all hypospadias patients treated by the DUCKETT technique from January, 1st 2003 to December, 31st 2015. The patients were operated on by senior surgeons.

2.1 Surgical technique

All children were operated on under general anesthesia and the adults under spinal anesthesia. Antibiotic prophylaxis was systematic. The correction of the curvature started with an undressing of the penis, then resection of the fibrous tissues and an excision of the urethral plate. If necessary, a plication of the tunica albuginea on the opposite side to the curvature was carried out according to Nesbit [5]. Urethroplasty consisted in tubularizing a pedicled prepucial flap according to the DUCKETT technique [2]. A muco-cutaneous, transverse and posterior flap of the prepuce was kept integral with its subcutaneous tissue. Thus pedicled flap, was tubularized and tilted longitudinally anteriorly to form the missing urethral canal. The lower end was anastomosed to the hypospadic urethra, while the upper end created the new urethral meatus. This tubular flap was fixed in an orthotopic position at points, which were separated. As the meatus was to terminate at the top of the glans, the tube was tunneled distally to the glans before being anastomosed to the mucous membrane of the glans. One to two additional layers are placed on the neo-urethra, one of which constitutes the spongioplasty. The Duplay technique was associated with this in some patients. This consists in tubularizing the urethral plate on itself from the ectopic orifice to the top of the glans after an incision on either side of it. This association is made in the very posterior forms to reduce the length of the foreskin used. Slowly absorbable sutures (PDS™, Ethicon Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France) were used (4/0 or 5/0 in children, and 3/0 or 4/0 in adults). Figure 1 shows the different stages of the technique used. The duration of post-operative trans-urethral drainage was 10 days.

Fig. 1
figure 1

A Inverted U-shaped incision circumscribing the hypospade urethral meatus. B Penile degloving, excision of the fibrous tissue, and raising of the prepucial flap. C Rotation of the preputial pedicled flap after section of the urethral plate. D Tubulation of the preputial flap pedicled around a urinary catheter with meatoplasty and suture of the proximal end to the urethral tracheus. E Final appearance after skin closure

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2.2 Evaluation of results

The occurrence of post-operative complications and the clinical results at the last check-up were evaluated. We defined total success as an apical meatus, a straight penis and a cosmetic aspect deemed satisfactory by the surgeon. Relative success was defined by the need for maintenance dilatations, the existence of residual curvature, or a poor cosmetic result considered by the surgeon. Failure was defined as total suture release and urethral stenosis without success at revision surgery. Unsatisfactory cosmetic appearance corresponded to unsightly healing of the penis. The acceptable residual curvature was defined as a curvature of less than 20˚ without a painful erection. Data entry and statistical analysis were carried out using Excel 2007 software (Microscoft, Redmond, WA, USA).

3 Results

Forty-one patients were included in our study with a mean age of 11 ± 8.5 years (extremes of 1.8 and 31 years). Hypospadias was anterior in 14 cases (34%), middle in 12 cases (29%), and posterior in 15 cases (36%). All patients had a ventral curvature of the penis. All patients selected for this technique had a posterior preputial apron. Six patients (14.6%) had a recurrent hypospadias. Excision of fibrous tissue with loosening of the penis associated with excision of the urethral plate was sufficient in 25 cases (61%) to correct the curvature. A plication of the tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosa was needed in 16 cases (39%). A Duplay procedure was added to the Duckett procedure in three patients (7.3%). Twenty-four patients (58.5%) had a complication. A wound infection and a neo-meatus stenosis were the most frequent complications (Table 1). Only seven patients were reoperated with a surgical revision rate of 17%. The three cases of total suture loosening had revision surgery 3 to 6 months later with only one case of success. The case of urethro-cutaneous fistula had a successful repair by excision of the fistulous tract and closure of the defect using interrupted sutures of the urethral and cutaneous planes. The six cases of meatus stenosis were treated by iterative dilation using HEGAR candles with satisfactory results. The two cases of proximal urethral stenosis were treated unsuccessfully with urethroplasty. The case of retraction of the neo-meatus was treated with an additional repair, according to Duplay alongside with a meatoplasty with a satisfactory evolution. Non-troublesome residual curvature and poor cosmetic results were simply monitored. At the last follow-up of 20 ± 9 months, the rates of total success, relative success and failure were 63% (26 cases), 27% (11 cases) and 10% (4 cases), respectively, after treatment of complications.

Table 1 Distribution according to the different complications
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4 Discussion

Surgery is the standard treatment for hypospadias. It is a difficult surgery, with a multitude of techniques described. The posterior forms of hypospadias require the most complex techniques with a higher risk of complications [6. To improve the results, some authors opt for two-stage techniques [3, 7]. These would reduce the rate of infection and failure due to flap necrosis or suture disunion [3]. Zheng et al. [7] recommend two-stage urethroplasty in posterior forms with severe curvature after excision of the urethral plate, because they believe that this avoids the frequent urethral stenosis that occurs with single-stage urethroplasty. Bankole Sapin et al. [3] found a complication rate of 26% for two-stage surgery and 37% for one-stage surgery. However, the anesthetic risk and the additional financial costs generated by this technique are not negligible [8]. The Bracka technique is the most successful in this indication [8]. The choice of the DUCKETT's one-step technique [2] in our series was guided by the need to excise the urethral plate as part of the orthoplasty, the presence of a posterior preputial apron, but also because of the good mastery of the technique in our center. Added to this, the financial reasons and the problem of follow-up. For some authors [9], single-stage urethroplasty offers good results, especially for very young patients. While others, such as Bankole Sapin R et al. [3], believe that it is more likely to have complications. Complications of hypospadias surgery are particularly common in developing countries [3, 10]. Several factors may explain this phenomenon: the unavailability of adequate equipment (magnifying glasses, fine threads and microsurgical instruments in particular), the problem of post-operative care often entrusted to non-specialist nurses and the variability of the operators. Lower complication rates are noted by other authors, especially in Western countries [6, 11]. The main complications of hypospadias surgery reported in the literature are wound infection, flap necrosis, urethro-cutaneous fistula, and neo-urethral or neo-meatus stenosis [3, 10,11,12,13]. Wound infection was the most common early complication in this series, probably due to the poor conditions in which post-operative care was carried out, but also due to the hot and dry tropical climate. The use of two-stage surgery could in some cases minimize this complication rate. These infections are promoted to the failure of the repair by the sutures being loosened or by flap necrosis [14]. Flap necrosis can also be the consequence of poor dissection and devascularisation of the flap. Diallo et al. [10] reported 15% flap necrosis and suture disunion. No cases of flap necrosis were reported in this series. Urethro-cutaneous fistula was present in 2.4% of the cases in our series. Other authors reported varying frequencies ranging from 7.9% to 25% of cases depending on the series [3, 10, 11]. Prevention of this fistula can be achieved by interposing a secondary layer between the flap and the skin [15]. It is advisable to put in intermediate layers to minimize the risk of fistula [16]. The low rate of fistulas in this series may be due to this procedure being performed in most patients. The secondary treatment of this fistula is usually easy, but there is a risk of failure depending on the size of the fistula, the number of fistulas and the experience of the surgeon [14]. However, the age of the fistula, its location, and the length of the neo-urethra do not seem to influence the results [14]. Urethral stenosis is usually the result of devascularization of the stenotic area in the case of tension anastomosis, with a higher risk of wound infection [10]. The urethral stenosis rate is variable according to the literature. The rate was high in the series of Akbiyik et al. [12] who reported a 27.5% stenosis rate, while Mosharafa et al. [6] reported only 0.9% urethral meatus stenosis. Finally, the rate of unintrusive residual penile curvature (5%) was lower than that reported by Diallo et al. [10]. In total, the success rate of the DUCKETT technique was 63% after treatment of complications. The rate of good results depends, among other things, on the technique, the operator's experience, the type of hypospadias, and the presence and severity of the curvature [16]. Diallo et al. [10] in Guinea, after a 3–22 month follow-up, reported 61.7% good results for all techniques and all forms of hypospadias. While Diao et al. [13] in Senegal reported 62.5% good results for all previous forms of hypospadias, all techniques combined. Other, mainly western authors such as Dewan et al. [17] report better success rates with the Duckett technique after a single treatment (66.6% success rate out of 190 hypospadias treated). Similarly, Zheng et al. [15] reported only 24% complications after a first treatment with a pedicled preputial flap. According to them, the failure rate is higher with the Duckett procedure for recurrent hypospadias. The poor prognosis risk factors were advanced age at the time of surgery, the absence of an additional layer, and tissue fibrosis [15]. Lyu et al. [18], comparing the tubulated Duckett preputial flap with the untubulated Onlay patch flap, noted a higher rate of fistulas and stenosis with the DUCKETT procedure.

5 Conclusion

In our care context, the treatment of hypospadias with the DUCKETT technique gives encouraging results, but with a high complication rate. It is a complex surgery carried out in non-optimal conditions. Wound infection is a major problem. It is, therefore, necessary to improve aseptic conditions in the operating theater and during post-operative care, but also to train urologists in this specialized surgery.