Abstract
The immune response in the tumor micro-environment is a complicated biological phenomenon that needs to be investigated further. It is eminent that tumor is murderous and almost effects all the sectors of humans life. It is reported that patients, families, businesses, and community as a whole lose economic resources due to the treatment of cancer. These losses include financial loss, disease, a worse quality of life, and early death. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the dynamical behavior of tumor–immune cells interactions to point out the critical factors of the system to the researchers and health officials for the prevention of infection. Here, we structure the interactions of tumor–immune in the framework of fractional derivative. Moreover, we focused on the qualitative analysis and dynamical behavior of tumor–immune cells interactions in our work. The uniqueness and existence of the solution of the proposed model of tumor system are investigated through Banach’s and Schaefer’s fixed point theorem. We determine adequate conditions for the Ulam–Hyers stability of our proposed fractional model. The solution pathways are scrutinized with the help of a novel numerical scheme to highlight the impact of the parameters on the dynamics of tumor–immune. To be more specific, we highlighted the dynamical and chaotic behavior of the proposed system with the variation of fractional order and other parameters of the system. The most important aspects of tumor–immune cell dynamics are identified and recommended to the policymakers. The result of this dynamic is a powerful predictor of clinical success, and immune cell penetration into, or exclusion from, a tumor is also crucial to immunotherapy effectiveness. Hence, it is valuable to look into the dynamical behavior of tumor–immune cell interactions in order to alert policymakers and health authorities to the system’s critical components for management and prevention.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability Statement
No new data were analyzed and created to this research study; therefore, data sharing is not applicable to this work.
References
A. Lahrouz, L. Omari, A. Settati, A. Belmati, Comparison of deterministic and stochastic SIRS epidemic model with saturating incidence and immigration. Arabian J. Math. 4(2), 101–116 (2015)
R. Jan, Y. Xiao, Effect of partial immunity on transmission dynamics of dengue disease with optimal control. Math. Method. Appl. Sci. 42(6), 1967–1983 (2019)
X. Zhou, Z. Guo, Analysis of an influenza A (H1N1) epidemic model with vaccination. Arabian J. Math. 1(2), 267–282 (2012)
P. Das, R.K. Upadhyay, P. Das, D. Ghosh, Exploring dynamical complexity in a time-delayed tumor-immune model. Chaos: Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci. 30(12), 123118 (2020)
M.A. Chaplain, Multiscale mathematical modelling in biology and medicine. IMA J. Appl. Math. 76(3), 371–388 (2011)
R.B. Martin, M.E. Fisher, R.F. Minchin, K.L. Teo, A mathematical model of cancer chemotherapy with an optimal selection of parameters. Math. Biosci. 99(2), 205–230 (1990)
T.S. Deisboeck, Z. Wang, P. Macklin, V. Cristini, Multiscale cancer modeling. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 13, 127–155 (2011)
A. d’Onofrio, F. Gatti, P. Cerrai, L. Freschi, Delay-induced oscillatory dynamics of tumour-immune system interaction. Math. Comput. Model. 51(5–6), 572–591 (2010)
C. Letellier, F. Denis, L.A. Aguirre, What can be learned from a chaotic cancer model? J. Theor. Biol. 322, 7–16 (2013)
A.M.A. Rocha, M.F.P. Costa, E.M. Fernandes, On a multiobjective optimal control of a tumor growth model with immune response and drug therapies. Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 25(1), 269–294 (2018)
C. Tripathi, B.N. Tewari, R.K. Kanchan, K.S. Baghel, N. Nautiyal, R. Shrivastava, H. Kaur, M.L.B. Bhatt, S. Bhadauria, Macrophages are recruited to hypoxic tumor areas and acquire a pro-angiogenic M2-polarized phenotype via hypoxic cancer cell derived cytokines Oncostatin M and Eotaxin. Oncotarget 5(14), 5350 (2014)
P. Italiani, D. Boraschi, From monocytes to M1/M2 macrophages: phenotypical vs. functional differentiation. Front. Immunol. 5, 514 (2014)
D. Laoui, K. Movahedi, E. Van Overmeire, J. Van den Bossche, E. Schouppe, C. Mommer, A. Nikolaou, Y. Morias, P. De Baetselier, J.A. Van Ginderachter, Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: distinct subsets, distinct functions. Int. J. Develop. Biol. 55, 861–867 (2011)
A.A. Kilbas, H.M. Srivastava, J.J. Trujillo, Theory and applications of fractional differential equations Elsevier (North-Holland, Mathematics studies, 2006)
H.M. Srivastava, Fractional-order derivatives and integrals: Introductory overview and recent developments. Kyungpook Math. J. 60(1), 73–116 (2020)
M.S. Abdo, K. Shah, H.A. Wahash, S.K. Panchal, On a comprehensive model of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) under Mittag-Leffler derivative. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 135, 109867 (2020)
M. Mandal, S. Jana, S.K. Nandi, T.K. Kar, Modelling and control of a fractional-order epidemic model with fear effect. Energy, Ecol. Environ. 5(6), 421–432 (2020)
M. Sher, K. Shah, Z.A. Khan, H. Khan, A. Khan, Computational and theoretical modeling of the transmission dynamics of novel COVID-19 under Mittag-Leffler power law. Alex. Eng. J. 59(5), 3133–3147 (2020)
A. Ali, M. ur Rahman, M. Arfan, Z. Shah, P. Kumam, W. Deebani, Investigation of time-fractional SIQR Covid-19 mathematical model with fractal-fractional Mittage-Leffler kernel. Alexandria Engineering Journal (2022)
K. Shah, M. Arfan, I. Mahariq, A. Ahmadian, S. Salahshour, M. Ferrara, Fractal-fractional mathematical model addressing the situation of corona virus in Pakistan. Results Phys. 19, 103560 (2020)
Z. Lin, H. Wang, Modeling and application of fractional-order economic growth model with time delay. Fractal Fract. 5(3), 74 (2021)
A. Dzielinski, D. Sierociuk, G. Sarwas, Some applications of fractional order calculus (Technical Sciences, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 2010), pp. 583–592
F. Fatmawati, R. Jan, M.A. Khan, Y. Khan, S. Ullah, A new model of dengue fever in terms of fractional derivative. Math. Biosci. Eng.: MBE 17(5), 5267–5287 (2020)
H.M. Srivastava, R. Jan, A. Jan, W. Deebani, M. Shutaywi, Fractional-calculus analysis of the transmission dynamics of the dengue infection. Chaos: Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci. 31(5), 053130 (2021)
S. Qureshi, R. Jan, Modeling of measles epidemic with optimized fractional order under Caputo differential operator. Chaos, Solitons Fractals 145, 110766 (2021)
Z. Shah, R. Jan, P. Kumam, W. Deebani, M. Shutaywi, Fractional dynamics of HIV with source term for the supply of New CD4+ T-cells depending on the viral load via Caputo-Fabrizio derivative. Molecules 26(6), 1806 (2021)
A. Jan, R. Jan, H. Khan, M.S. Zobaer, R. Shah, Fractional-order dynamics of Rift Valley fever in ruminant host with vaccination. Commun. Math. Biol. Neurosci., 2020, Article-ID
I. Podlubny, Fractional differential equations: an introduction to fractional derivatives, fractional differential equations, to methods of their solution and some of their applications (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998)
A. Granas, J. Dugundji, Elementary fixed point theorems. In Fixed Point Theory (pp. 9-84). Springer, New York, NY (2003)
Hilfer, R. ed. Applications of fractional calculus in physics. World scientific (2020)
A.A. Kilbas, H.M. Srivastava, J.J. Trujillo, Theory and applications of fractional differential equations (Vol. 204). Elsevier, Amsterdam
V. Lakshmikantham, S. Leela, J.V. Devi, Theory of fractional dynamic systems. CSP (2009)
Z.U. Khan, A. Ali, F.M. Khan, K. Shah, Existence theory and numerical simulation of ebola model corresponding to nonlocal fractional order derivative. Arab J. Basic Appl. Sci. 27(1), 375–388 (2020)
T.Q. Tang, Z. Shah, E. Bonyah, R. Jan, M. Shutaywi, N. Alreshidi, Modeling and Analysis of Breast Cancer with Adverse Reactions of Chemotherapy Treatment through Fractional Derivative. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, (2022)
S.M. Ullam, Problems in modern mathematics (Chapter VI) (Wiley, New York, 1940)
D.H. Hyers, On the stability of the linear functional equation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 27(4), 222 (1941)
T.M. Rassias, On the stability of the linear mapping in Banach spaces. Proceed. Am. Math. Soc. 72(2), 297–300 (1978)
Z. Ali, A. Zada, K. Shah, On Ulam’s stability for a coupled systems of nonlinear implicit fractional differential equations. Bull. Malaysian Math. Sci. Soc. 42(5), 2681–2699 (2019)
A. Benkerrouche, M.S. Souid, S. Etemad, A. Hakem, P. Agarwal, S. Rezapour, S.K. Ntouyas, J. Tariboon, Qualitative Study on Solutions of a Hadamard Variable Order Boundary Problem via the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias Stability. Fractal Fract. 5(3), 108 (2021)
P.S. Kim, J.J. Crivelli, I.K. Choi, C.O. Yun, J.R. Wares, Quantitative impact of immunomodulation versus oncolysis with cytokine-expressing virus therapeutics. Math. Biosci. Eng. 12(4), 841 (2015)
Acknowledgements
Not applicable at this moment.
Funding
Funding is not applicable to this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
We declare that there is no conflict of interest in this manuscript.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tang, TQ., Shah, Z., Jan, R. et al. Modeling the dynamics of tumor–immune cells interactions via fractional calculus. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 137, 367 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02591-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02591-0