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Endothelial glycocalyx of blood circulation system. II. Biological functions, state under normal and pathological conditions, and bioengineering applications

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Abstract

Glycocalyx is a complex of membrane-bound molecules at the interface between circulating blood and the endothelium of the vessel wall; it performs a number of specific biological functions maintaining vascular homeostasis. It contains sulfated glycosaminoglycans (proteoglycans) bound to membrane proteins, hyaluronan, glycoproteins, and plasma proteins. Today, endothelial glycocalyx is considered not only a simple inert barrier and molecular sieve, but a self-renewable three-dimensional network of various polysaccharides and protein derivatives, a reservoir of biologically active compounds, and the mechanical transducer of circulation sheer stress onto the endothelium. Under conditions of pathological vascular damages, endothelial glycocalyx is destroyed, which impairs the integrity of the vascular wall at the level of macro- and microcirculation and leads to development of the cardiovascular disorders and other diseases. Destruction of glycocalyx seems to be one of the first stages of vascular damage. This explains the diagnostic value of detection and therapeutic importance of correction of glycocalyx damage. Biomedical application of endothelial glycocalyx and its individual components in molecular and cellular engineering seems promising.

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Abbreviations

CAT:

catalase

CHS:

chondroitin sulfate

eNOS:

endothelial NO synthase

FITC:

fluorescein isothiocyanate

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

NO:

nitrogen oxide

PGI2 :

prostacyclin

SOD and ex-SOD, Cu:

Zn superoxide dismutase and its extracellular form

GAG:

glycosaminoglycans

LDL:

low-density lipoproteins

AMI:

acute myocardial infarction

PG:

proteoglycans

DPAB:

dense peripheral actin bands

TPA:

tissue plasminogen activator

PAI:

plasminogen activator inhibitor

EG:

endothelial glycocalyx

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  1. Institute for Experimental Cardiology, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, ul. 3-ya Cherepkovskaya 15a, Moscow, 121552, Russia

    A. V. Maksimenko & A. D. Turashev

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  1. A. V. Maksimenko
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Correspondence to A. V. Maksimenko.

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Original Russian Text © A.V. Maksimenko, A.D. Turashev, 2014, published in Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, 2014, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 259–274.

1 For part I, see [1].

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Maksimenko, A.V., Turashev, A.D. Endothelial glycocalyx of blood circulation system. II. Biological functions, state under normal and pathological conditions, and bioengineering applications. Russ J Bioorg Chem 40, 237–251 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1134/S106816201403008X

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