Abstract
Using the linearized version of the time dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation, we calculate the dynamic response of a Bose–Einstein condensed gas to periodic density and particle perturbations. The zero temperature limit of the fluctuation—dissipation theorem is used to evaluate the corresponding quantum fluctuations induced by the elementary excitations in the ground state. In uniform conditions the predictions of Bogoliubov theory, including the infrared divergency of the particle distribution function and the quantum depletion of the condensate, are exactly reproduced by Gross–Pitaevskii theory. Results are also given for the crossed particle-density response function and the extension of the formalism to nonuniform systems is discussed. The generalization of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation to include beyond mean field effects is finally considered and an explicit result for the chemical potential is found, in agreement with the prediction of Lee–Huang–Yang theory.
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Notes
At finite temperature the function sgn(ω) should be replaced by cot(β\(\hbar \)ω/2).
Corrections to the Gross–Pitaevskii equation accounting for beyond mean field effects were also discussed in [19].
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It is a great pleasure to thank long-standing scientific collaborations and stimulating discussions with Lev Pitaevskii, which started 30 years ago, after my first visit to the Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow and are still now continuing successfully in Trento.
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Contribution for the JETP special issue in honor of L.P. Pitaevskii’s 85th birthday
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Stringari, S. Quantum Fluctuations and Gross-Pitaevskii Theory. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 127, 844–850 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776118110195
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776118110195