Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The food supply of the Pacific salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. 2. Comparative characterization and general state

  • Ecology
  • Published:
Russian Journal of Marine Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The interannual variations and general state of the food supply of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the 2000s in the northwestern Pacific Ocean (including the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk) were analyzed based on indirect characteristics that indicate the variability of their forage base, feeding habits, growth, and biomass. A new index for the quantitative evaluation of food supply was suggested. The food supply of the Pacific salmon during the 2000s was found to be sufficient to maintain the normal functioning of populations. With high abundance of Pacific salmon, the food supply tended to decrease. However, this caused no negative consequences for the survival of major salmon stocks during the marine period of life and, as a rule, no marked decrease in the food consumption and growth rates of fish. A relative increase in food competition was compensated by adaptive changes in the diet and diel feeding rhythm of salmon. With the shortage of preferred food organisms (amphipods, euphausiids, and pteropods), Pacific salmon changed to consuming minor prey (copepods and chaetognaths), and numerous mesopelagic species of macroplankton and micronekton in the evening hours.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Volkov, A.F., The method of collection and processing of nekton diet samples (step-by-step instructions), Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2008, vol. 154, pp. 405–416.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Zavolokin, A.V., Comparative characteristics of food supply of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Bering Sea from 2002 to 2006, J. Ichthyol., 2011, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 227–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zavolokin, A.V. and Glebov, I.I., Abundance of small nekton in the western Bering Sea, according to data of trawling surveys and model-based estimates, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2009, vol. 156, pp. 95–116.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Zavolokin, A.V., Kulik, V.V., Glebov, I.I., Dubovets, E.N., and Khokhlov, Yu.N., Dynamics of body size, age, and annual growth rate of Anadyr chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in 1962–2010, J. Ichthyol., 2012, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 207–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zavolokin, A.V., Kulik, V.V., and Zavarina, L.O., Food supply of Pacific salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. 1. Dynamics of food spectra and feeding intensity, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2014, vol. 40, no. 2 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zelennikov, O.V., Features of early gametogenesis in chum salmon in connection with forecasts and regulation of sexual maturity age in breeders, in Materialy konf. “Vosproizvodstvo tikhookeanskikh lososei” (Proc. Conf. “Reproduction of Pacific Salmon”, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, May 16–17, 2012), Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakh. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2012, pp. 60–64.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Karpenko, V.I., Andrievskaya, L.D., and Koval, M.V., The role of trophic factor in Pacific salmon production in marine waters off Kamchatka, in Materialy Vseros. nauchn. konf., posvyashch. 80-letnemu yubileyu FGUP “KamchatNIRO” (Proc. All-Russia Sci. Conf. Dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of FGUP “Kamchat-NIRO”, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, September 26–27, 2012). Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamchat. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2012, pp. 165–175.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Karpenko, V.I., Volkov, A.F., and Koval, M.V., Feeding habits of Pacific salmon as an indicator of state of the ecosystem in the North Pacific, in Issled. vodnykh biologicheskikh resursov Kamchatki i severo-zapadnoi chasti Tikhogo okeana (Studies of Aquatic Biological Resources of Kamchatka and Northwestern Pacific Ocean), 2006, no. 8, pp. 113–125.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Klovach, N.V., Ekologicheskie posledstviya krupnomasshtabnogo razvedeniya kety (Ecological Consequences of the Large-Scale Chum Salmon Farming), Moscow: VNIRO, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lakin, G.F., Biometriya (Biometry), Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Nekton Okhotskogo morya. Tablitsy chislennosti, biomassy i sootnosheniya vidov (Nekton of the Sea of Okhotsk. Tables of Abundance, Biomass, and Proportions of Species), Shuntov, V.P. and Bocharov, L.N., Eds., Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Radchenko, V.I., Dynamics of pink salmon abundance in the Sea of Okhotsk basin in the first half of the 2000s, in Bull. No. 2 realizatsii “Kontseptsii dal’nevostochnoi basseinovoi programmy izucheniya tikhookeanskikh lososei” (Bull. no. 2 for implementation of the “Concept of the Far Eastern Basin Program for the Study of Pacific Salmon”), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2007, pp. 27–35.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Temnykh, O.S., Asian pink salmon during the marine period of life: biology, spatial differentiation, place and role in pelagic communities, Extended Abstract of Doctoral (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Temnykh, O.S., Zavolokin, A.V., and Shevlyakov, E.A., Features of interannual variations in mean size and age structure of chum salmon of Russian stocks, in Byull. izucheniya tikhookeanskikh lososei na Dal’nem Vostoke (Bull. Study of Pacific Salmon in the Far East), 2011, no. 6, pp. 226–239.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chuchukalo, V.I., Pitanie i pishchevye otnosheniya nektona i nektobentosa v dal’nevostochnykh moryakh (Dietary Habits and Interactions of Nekton and Nektobenthos in the Far Eastern Seas), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Shuntov, V.P., Borets, L.A., and Dulepova, E.P., Some results of ecosystem studies of biological resources in Far Eastern seas, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1990, vol. 111, pp. 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Shuntov V.P., Volkov A.F., Temnykh, O.S., and Dulepova E.P., Mintai v ekosistemakh dal’nevostochnykh morei (Walleye Pollock in Ecosystems of the Far Eastern Seas), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Shuntov, V.P. and Temnykh, O.S., Whether the carrying capacity of the North Pacific is exceeded due to the high abundance of salmon: myths and reality, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2004, vol. 138, pp. 19–36.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Shuntov, V.P. and Temnykh, O.S., Tikhookeanskie lososi v morskikh i okeanicheskikh ekosistemakh (Pacific Salmon in Sea and Ocean Ecosystems), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2008, vol. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Shuntov, V.P. and Temnykh, O.S., Tikhookeanskie lososi v morskikh i okeanicheskikh ekosistemakh (Pacific Salmon in Sea and Ocean Ecosystems), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2011, vol. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Shuntov, V.P., Temnykh, O.S., Naydenko, S.V. et al., On substantiation of carrying capacity of Far Eastern seas and the subarctic Pacific to ranch Pacific salmon. 4. The effect of density-dependent factor on food supply of Pacific salmon and their role in consumption of nekton forage base, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2010, vol. 161, pp. 25–52.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bigler, B.S., Welch, D.W., and Helle, J.H., A review of size trends among North Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1996, vol. 53, pp. 455–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bollens, S.M., Hooff, R., Butler, M. et al., Feeding ecology of juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in a northeast Pacific fjord: diet, availability of zooplankton, selectivity for prey, and potential competition for prey resources, Fish. Bull., 2010, vol. 108, pp. 393–407.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brodeur, R.D. and Pearcy, W.G., Trophic relations of juvenile Pacific salmon off the Oregon and Washington coast, Fish. Bull., 1990, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 617–636.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Davis, N.D., Armstrong, J.L., and Myers, K.W., Bering Sea diet overlap in fall 2002 and potential for interactions among salmon, NPAFC Doc., 2004, no. 779.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Davis, N.D., Fukuwaka, M., Armstrong, J.L., and Myers, K.W., Salmon food habits studies in the Bering Sea, 1960 to present, NPAFC Tech. Rep., 2005, vol. 6. pp. 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Davis, N.D., Myers, K.W., and Ishida, Y., Caloric value of high-seas salmon prey organisms and simulated salmon ocean growth and prey consumption, NPAFC Bull., 1998, vol. 1, pp. 146–162.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Irvine, J.R., Fukuwaka, M., Kaga, T. et al., Pacific salmon status and abundance trends, NPAFC Doc., no. 1199, rev. 1, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ishida, Y., Ito S., Kaeriyama, M. et al., Recent changes in age and size of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the North Pacific Ocean and possible causes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1993, vol. 50, pp. 290–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kaeriyama, M., Evaluation of carrying capacity of Pacific salmon in the North Pacific Ocean for ecosystem-based sustainable conservation management, NPAFC Tech. Rep., 2003, vol. 5, pp. 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kaeriyama, M., Nakamura, M., Edpalina, R.R. et al., Change in feeding ecology and trophic dynamics of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the central Gulf of Alaska in relation to climate events, Fish. Oceanogr., 2004, vol. 13, pp. 197–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kaeriyama, M., Yamaguchi, M., Nakamura, M. et al., Feeding ecology of sockeye and pink salmon in the Gulf of Alaska, NPAFC Bull., 2000, vol. 2, pp. 55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kaeriyama, M., Yatsu, A., Noto, M., and Saitoh, S., Spatial and temporal changes in the growth patterns and survival of Hokkaido chum salmon populations in 1970–2001, NPAFC Bull., 2007, vol. 4, pp. 251–256.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Myers, K.W., Walker, R.V., Davis, N.D., and Armstrong, J.L., Diet overlap and potential feeding competition between Yukon River chum salmon and hatchery salmon in the Gulf of Alaska in summer, in Final Report to the Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association, SAFS-UW-0407, Seattle, USA: School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Naydenko, S.V., The feeding habits of the Pacific salmon, their trophic status and role in the North Pacific marine ecosystem, in Salmon: Biology, Nutrition and Consumption. Series: Fish, Fishing and Fisheries, New York: Nova Sci. Publ., 2010, pp. 61–111.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Tadokoro, K., Ishida, Y., Davis, N.D. et al., Change in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) stomach contents associated with fluctuation of pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) abundance in the central subarctic Pacific and Bering Sea, Fish. Oceanogr., 1996, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 89–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Temnykh, O.S., Zavolokin, A.V., and Koval, M.V., Russian research under the NPAFC Science Plan 2006–2010: a review and future issues, NPAFC Doc., 2010, no. 1238.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Welch, D.W. and Morris, J.F.T., Evidence for densitydepended marine growth in British Columbia pink salmon population, NPAFC Doc., no. 97, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zavolokin, A.V., Efimkin, A.Ya., Slabinskiy, A.M., and Kosenok, N.S., Food supply and trophic relationships of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) in the western Bering Sea in fall 2002–2004, NPAFC Bull., 2007, vol. 4, pp. 127–131.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pacific Research Fisheries Center, ul. Shevchenko 4, Vladivostok, 690091, Russia

    A. V. Zavolokin & V. V. Kulik

  2. Kamchatka Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, ul. Naberezhnaya 18, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683000, Russia

    L. O. Zavarina

Authors
  1. A. V. Zavolokin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. V. Kulik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. O. Zavarina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. V. Zavolokin.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © A.V. Zavolokin, V.V. Kulik, L.O. Zavarina, 2014, published in Biologiya Morya.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zavolokin, A.V., Kulik, V.V. & Zavarina, L.O. The food supply of the Pacific salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. 2. Comparative characterization and general state. Russ J Mar Biol 40, 199–207 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074014030092

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074014030092

Keywords

Search

Navigation