Abstract
Electrodeposition of graphene-chitosan (GR-CS) composite onto glassy carbon electrode was done via a simple one-step strategy. Different methods were used for surface characterization which confirmed the presence of a nano-structure of graphene sheets. The modified electrode was highly efficient in azathioprine analysis by square-wave voltammetry. Reversibility of the redox couple of azathioprine was significantly improved at the surface of GR-CS modified electrode compared to the bare electrode. A linear range of 1.0 × 10−7 to 2.6 × 10−5 M of azathioprine was obtained with a sensitivity of 5.54 A/M and a detection limit of 4.7 × 10−8 M. The proposed sensor exhibited high reproducibility (RSD % = 5%) and repeatability (RSD % = 3.5%) and long-term storage stability. The modified electrode was applied successfully to the accurate determination of azathioprine in pharmaceutical and blood serum samples.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S.V., and Grigorieva, I.V., Science, 2004, vol. 306, p. 666.
Segal, M., Nat. Nano, 2009, vol. 4, p. 612.
Allen, M.J., Tung, V.C., and Kaner, R.B., Chem. Rev., 2010, vol. 110, p. 132.
Choi, W., Lahiri, I., Seelaboyina, R., and Kang, Y.S., Crit. Rev. Solid State, 2010, vol. 35, p. 52.
Shao, Y., Wang, J., Wu, H., Liu, J., Aksay, I.A., and Lin Y., Electroanalysis, 2010, vol. 22, p. 1027.
Tkac, J., Whittaker, J.W., and Ruzgas, T., Biosens. Bioelectron., 2007, vol. 22, p. 1820.
Kaushik, A., Solanki, P.R., Ansari, A.A., Ahmad, S., and Malhotra, B.D., Electrochem. Commun., 2008, vol. 10, p. 1364.
Khan, R. and Dhayal, M., Electrochem. Commun., 2008, vol. 10, p. 263.
Xi, F., Liu, L., and Wu, Q., Biosens. Bioelectron., 2008, vol. 24, p. 29.
Lin, M.S. and Len, H.J., Electroanalysis, 2005, vol. 17, p. 2068.
Pumera, M., Ambrosi, A., Bonanni, A., Chng, E.L.K., and Poh, H.L., TrAC Trends Analyt. Chem., 2010, vol. 29, p. 954.
Yang, S., Luo, S., Liu, C., and Wei, W., Coll. Surf., Ser. B, 2012, vol. 96, p. 75.
Simmons, R., Canafax, D., Fryd, D., Ascher, N., Payne, W., Sutherland, D., et al., Transplant. Proc., 1986, vol. 18(Suppl. 1), p. 76.
Nashel, D., Med. Clin. North Am., 1985, vol. 69, p. 817.
Fox, D. and McCune, W., Concepts Immunopathol., 1989, vol. 7, p. 20.
Counihan, T. and Feighery, C., Ir. J. Med. Sci., 1991, vol. 160, p. 199.
Ho, V. and Zloty, D., Dermatol. Clin., 1993, vol. 11, p. 73.
Dervieux, T. and Boulieu, R., Clin. Chem., 1998, vol. 44, p. 551.
Mueller, X., Ann. Thorac. Surg., 2004, vol. 77, p. 354.
Lakshmi, C.S.R. and Reddy, M.N., Talanta, 1998, vol. 47, p. 1279.
Bhaskar, M., Manohara, Y., Gayasuddin, M., Balaraju, M., and Kumar, T.B., Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res., 2010, vol. 2, p. 376.
Binscheck, T., Meyer, H., and Wellhöner, H.H., J. Chromatogr., Ser. B, 1996, vol. 675, p. 287.
Fazio, T.T., Singh, A.K., Kedor-Hackmann, E.R.M., and Santoro, M.I.R.M., J. Pharmaceut. Biomed., 2007, vol. 43, p. 1495.
Sastry, C.P., Srinivas, K., and Prasad, K.M.K., Microchim. Acta, 1996, vol. 122, p. 77.
Göger, N.G., Parlatan, H.K., Basan, H., Berkkan, A., and Özden, T., J. Pharmaceut. Biomed., 1999, vol. 21, p. 685.
Uslu, B. and Ozkan, S.A., Anal. Lett., 2007, vol. 40, p. 817.
Xu, Q., Yuan, A.-J., Zhang, R., Bian, X., Chen, D., and Hu, X., Curr. Pharm. Anal., 2009, vol. 5, p. 144.
Shahrokhian, S. and Ghalkhani, M., Electrochem. Commun., 2009, vol. 11, p. 1425.
Shahrokhian, S. and Ghalkhani, M., Electrochim. Acta, 2010, vol. 55, p. 3621.
Hummers, W.S. and Offeman, R.E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1958, vol. 80, p. 1339.
Xu, Y., Bai, H., Lu, G., Li, C., and Shi, G., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, vol. 130, p. 5856.
Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Piner, R.D., Kohlhaas, K.A., Kleinhammes, A., Jia, Y., et al., Carbon, 2007, vol. 45, p. 1558.
Kang, X., Wang, J., Wu, H., Liu, J., Aksay, I.A., and Lin, Y., Talanta, 2010, vol. 81, p. 754.
Kochmann, S., Hircsh, T., and Wolfbeis, O.S., TrAC Trends Analyt. Chem., 2012, vol. 39, p. 87.
Bard, A.J. and Faulkner, L.R., Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals and Applications, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2015, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 81–88.
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hatami, Z., Jalali, F. Voltammetric determination of immunosuppressive agent, azathioprine, by using a graphene-chitosan modified-glassy carbon electrode. Russ J Electrochem 51, 70–76 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193515010097
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193515010097