Abstract
The current research work elucidates an experimental study on the stability performance of a green emulsion liquid membrane (GELM). A GELM based on rice bran oil (RBO) is a new subset of a previously existing organic solvent-based emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). These organic solvents are responsible for several environmental as well as for economic problems. A GELM is an economical and environmentally friendly green separation technique. The GELM was formulated using a green solvent (RBO), emulsifying agent (Span 80), and stripping aqueous phase agent (NaOH). Emulsification speed of 2100 (r.min−1), emulsification time of 20 (min), 2% (v/v) Span 80 concentration, 0.25 [M] NaOH concentration, 1 : 3.5 (v/v) treat ratio, 0.4 (v/v) phase ratio, agitation speed of 400 (r.min−1), and agitation time of 20 (min) have been obtained as the optimum values of process parameters. The highest achievable dynamic stability was found to be 150 ± 2 min along with the negligible emulsion swelling/breakage (%). Moreover, the membrane breakage (%) has been obtained <1 ± 0.05% which was in trade-off with the emulsion swelling (%) under these obtained optimum process parameters. Thus, this present investigation on the stability performance of GELM provides the new insights regarding the role of various process parameters which will be further helpful during the extraction of low concentrated solutes through GELM based separation processes.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Rangsansarid, J. and Fukada, K., Factors affecting the stability of O/W emulsion in BSA solution: Stabilization by electrically neutral protein at high ionic strength, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2007, vol. 316, pp. 779–786.
Benichou, A., Aserin, A., and Garti, N., Double emulsions stabilized with hybrids of natural polymers for entrapment and slow release of active matters, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2004, vols. 108–109, pp. 29–41.
Nemeht, A. and Peteghem, A.P.V., Membrane recycling in the liquid surfactant membrane process, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1993, vol. 32, pp. 1431–1437.
Wan, Y. and Zhang, X., Swelling determination of W/O/W emulsion liquid membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 2002, vol. 196, pp. 185–201.
Gu, Z., Ho, W.S., and Li, N.N., Emulsion liquid membrane: Design considerations, Membrane Handbook, Winston, W.S. and Sirkar, K.K., Eds., New York: Chapman & Hall, 1992, pp. 656–700.
Draxler, J., Furst, W., and Marr, R.J., Separation of metal species by emulsion liquid membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 1988, vol. 38, pp. 281–293.
Cahn, R.P., Frankenfeld, J.W., and Li, N.N., Extraction of metal ions by liquid membrane, Recent Developments in Separation Science, Li, N.N., Ed., Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC, 1981, pp. 51–64.
Yan, N.X., Huang, S.A., and Shi, Y.J., Removal of acetic acid from wastewater with liquid surfactant membranes: an external boundary layer and membrane diffusion-controlled model, Sep. Sci. Technol., 1987, vol. 22, pp. 801–818.
Huo, W. and Papadopoulos, K.D., Stability of water-in-oil-in-water type globules, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1996, vol. 51, pp. 5043–5051.
Wen, L.X. and Papadopoulos, K.D., Effects of surfactants on water transport in W1/O/W2 emulsions, Langmuir, 2000, vol. 16, pp. 7612–7617.
Wen, L.X. and Papadopoulos, K.D., Visualization of water transport in W1/O/W2 emulsions, Colloids Surf., A, 2000, vol. 174, pp. 159–167.
Yan, J. and Pal, R., Osmotic swelling behaviour of globules of W/O/W emulsion liquid membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 2001, vol. 190, pp. 79–91.
Ohtake, T., Hano, K., and Takagi, T., Effects of viscosity on drop diameter of w/o emulsion dispersed in a stirred tank, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 1987, vol. 20, pp. 443–447.
Konno, M., Kosaka, N., and Saito, S., Correlation of transient of transient drop sizes inbreak-up process in liquid-liquid agitation, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 1993, vol. 26, pp. 37–40.
Park, Y., Forney, L.J., Kim, J.H., and Skelland, A.H.P., Optimum emulsion liquid membranes stabilized by non-Newtonian conversion in Taylor-Couette flow, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2004, vol. 59, pp. 5725–5734.
Kulkarni, P.S., Tiwari, K.K., and Mahajani, V.V., Membrane stability and enrichment of nickel in the liquid emulsion membrane process, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 2000, vol. 75, pp. 553–560.
Belova, V.V., Free supported liquid membranes, Theor. Found. Chem. Eng., 2016, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 642–647. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579516040059
Belova, V.V. and Zakhodyaeva, Yu.A., Extraction and separation of metals using the combined method of liquid membrane techniques, Theor. Found. Chem. Eng., 2015, vol. 49, pp. 567–572. https://doi.org/10.1134/S004057951504003X
Kostanyan, A.E., On the application of liquid-membrane principle in a system of mixing-settling extractors, Theor. Found. Chem. Eng., 2013, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 495–498. https://doi.org/10.1134/S004057951304009X
Reis, M.T.A., Freitas, O.M., Agarwal, S., Ferreira, L.M., Ismael, M.R.C., Machado, R., and Carvalho, J.M., Removal of phenols from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membranes, J. Hazard. Mater., 2011, vol. 192, pp. 986–994.
Kazemi, P., Peydayesh, M., Bandegi, A., Mohammadi, T., and Bakhtiari, O., Stability and extraction study of phenolic wastewater treatment by supported liquid membrane using tributyl phosphate and sesame oil as liquid membrane, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2014, vol. 92, pp. 375–383.
Ahmad, A.L., Kusumastuti, A., Derek C.J.C., and Ooi, B.S., Emulsion liquid membrane for cadmium removal: Studies on emulsion diameter and stability, Desalination, 2012, vol. 287, pp. 30–34.
Polak, J. and Lu, B.C.Y., Mutual solubilities of hydrocarbons and water at 0 and 25 °C, Can. J. Chem., 1973, vol. 51, pp. 4018–4023.
Ahmad, A.L., Buddin, M.H.H., Ooi, B.S., and Adhi, K., Utilization of environmentally benign emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) for cadmium extraction from aqueous solution, J. Water Process Eng., 2017, vol. 15, pp. 26–30.
Jusoh, O., Othman, N., and Nasruddin, N.A., Emulsion liquid membrane technology in organic acid purification, Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 2016, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 436–443.
Björkegren, S., Karimi, R.F., Martinelli, A., Jayakumar, N.S., and Hashim, M.A., A new emulsion liquid membrane based on a palm oil for the extraction of heavy metals, Membranes (Basel, Switz.), 2015, vol. 5, pp. 168–179. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes5020168
Kumar, A., Thakur, A., and Panesar, P.S., Statistical optimization of lactic acid extraction using green emulsion ionic liquid membrane (GEILM), J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2018, vol. 6, pp. 1855–1864.
Kumar, A., Thakur, A., and Panesar, P.S., Stability analysis of environmentally benign green emulsion liquid membrane, J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 2018, vol. 39, pp. 1510–1517.
Dhamodaran, G., Krishnan, R., Pochareddy, Y.K., Pyarelal, H.M., Sivasubramanian, H., and Ganeshram, A.K., A comparative study of combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of rice-bran, neem-, and cottonseed-oil biodiesels with varying degree of unsaturation, Fuel, 2017, vol. 187, pp. 296–305.
Shi, C., Liu, R., Chang, M., Jin, O., and Wang, X., Composition of rice bran stearin from various refineries across china, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 2016, vol. 93, pp. 869–877.
Othman, N., Zailani, S., and Mili, N., Recovery of synthetic dye from simulated wastewater using emulsion liquid membrane process containing tri-dodecyl amine as a mobile carrier, J. Hazard. Mater., 2011, vol. 198, pp. 103–112.
Ramaseder, C., Bart, H.J., and Marr, R., Phenomenological and mathematical and mathematical description of the osmotic influence in the liquid membrane technique, Sep. Sci. Technol., 1993, vol. 28, pp. 929–945.
Othman, N., Noah, N.F.M., Shu, L.Y., Jusoh, Z.Y.O.N., Idroas, M., and Goto, M., Easy removing of phenol from wastewater using vegetable oil-based organic solvent in emulsion liquid membrane process, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 2017, vol. 25, pp. 45–52.
Gasser, M.S., El-Hefny, N.E., and Daoud, J.A., Extraction of Co (II) from aqueous solution using emulsion liquid membrane, J. Hazard. Mater., 2008, vol. 151, pp. 610–615.
Venkatesan, S. and Begum, K.M.M.S., Emulsion liquid membrane pertraction of imidazole from dilute aqueous solutions by Aliquat-336 mobile carrier, Desalination, 2009, vol. 236, pp. 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.10.052
Frenkenfeld, J.W. and Li, N.N., Recent advances in liquid membrane technology, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, Rousseau, R.W., Ed., New York: Wiley, 1987, pp. 840–861.
Nakashio, F., Recent advances in separation of metals by liquid surfactant membranes, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 1993, vol. 26, pp. 123–133.
Itoh, H., Thien, M.P., Hatton, T.A., and Wang, D.I.C., Water transport mechanism in liquid emulsion membrane process for the separation of amino acids, J. Membr. Sci., 1990, vol. 51, pp. 309–322.
Djenouhat, M., Hamdaoui, O., Chiha, M., and Samar, M.H., Ultrasonication-assisted preparation of water-in-oil emulsions and application to the removal of cationic dyes from water by emulsion liquid membrane: Part 1: Membrane stability, Sep. Purif. Technol., 2008, vol. 62, pp. 636–641.
Koroleva, M.Y., Gorbachevski, O.S., and Yurtov, E.V., Paraffin wax emulsions stabilized with polymers, surfactants, and nanoparticles, Theor. Found. Chem. Eng., 2017, vol. 51, pp. 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579516060087
Ahmad, A.L., Kusumastuti, A., Derek, C.J.C., and Ooi, B.S., Emulsion liquid membrane for heavy metal removal: An overview on emulsion stabilization and destabilization, Chem. Eng. J., 2011, vol. 171, pp. 870–882.
Chiha, M., Samar, M.H., and Hamdaoui, O., Extraction of chromium (VI) from sulphuric acid aqueous solutions by a liquid surfactant membrane (LSM), Desalination, 2006, vol. 194, pp. 69–80.
Juang, R.-S. and Lin, K.-H., Ultrasound-assisted production of W/O emulsions in liquid surfactant membrane processes, Colloids Surf., A, 2004, vol. 238, pp. 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.02.028
Laki, S. and Kargari, A., Extraction of silver ions from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membrane, J. Membr. Sci. Res., 2007, vol. 2, pp. 33–40. https://doi.org/10.22079/JMSR.2016.15876
Zereshki, S., Daraei, P. and Shokri, A., Application of edible paraffin oil for cationic dye removal from water using emulsion liquid membrane, J. Hazard. Mater., 2018, vol. 356, pp. 1–8.
Kaghazchi, T., Kargari, A., Yegani, R., and Zare, A., Emulsion liquid membrane pertraction of L-lysine from dilute aqueous solutions by D2EHPA mobile carrier, Desalination, 2006, vol. 190, pp. 161–171.
Venkatesan, S. and Begum, K.M.M.S., Removal of trivalent chromium from dilute aqueous solutions and industrial effluents using emulsion liquid membrane technique, Int. J. Environ. Eng., 2010, vol. 2, pp. 250–268.
Kumar, A., Thakur, A., and Panesar, P.S., Lactic acid extraction using environmentally benign green emulsion ionic liquid membrane, J. Cleaner Prod., 2018, vol. 181, pp. 574–583.
Othman, N., Chan, K.H., Goto, M., and Mat, H., Emulsion liquid membrane extraction of silver from photographic waste using CYANEX 302 as the mobile carrier, Solvent Extr. Res. Dev., Jpn., 2006, vol. 13, pp. 191–202.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology for providing the lab facilities and all necessary help to perform this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anil Kumar, Thakur, A. & Panesar, P.S. Role of Operating Process Parameters on Stability Performance of Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane Based on Rice Bran Oil. Theor Found Chem Eng 55, 534–544 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579521030118
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579521030118