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Wing Venation Abnormalities in the Black-Veined White Aporia crataegi L. (Lepidoptera, Pieridae): Insight in Terms of Modern Phenetics

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Abstract

Patterns of appearance of wing venation abnormalities in the black-veined white Aporia crataegi L. were studied. These abnormalities form four types of bilateral compositions and vary quantitatively in the degree of phenotypic expression. This implies that wing venation abnormalities in A. crataegi may be regarded as stable states of threshold nonmetric traits with hidden quantitative variability, i.e., “phenes.” Different venation abnormalities vary in the pattern of appearance, either showing a trend toward joint occurrence in one individual or occurring independently of each other. Some abnormalities appear mainly asymmetrically, randomly, and independently in different body sides, while others tend to occur symmetrically. Only those abnormalities which appear independently of each other, randomly, and independently in different body sides can be considered random developmental errors and indicators of developmental instability. Such abnormalities were rare, making up less than 20% of the total number.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are sincerely grateful to A.G. Vasil’ev and I.A. Vasil’eva (Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg) for discussion of the results, and to our colleagues A.V. Ivanov, T.S. Oslina, and P.V. Rudoiskatel for help with material collection.

Funding

The field collections, laboratory processing of material, analysis and interpretation of the results were carried out within the framework of State research project AAAAA19- 119031890087-7 at the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 20-34-90006).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144, Yekaterinburg, Russia

    I. A. Solonkin, E. Yu. Zakharova & A. O. Shkurikhin

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  1. I. A. Solonkin
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  2. E. Yu. Zakharova
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  3. A. O. Shkurikhin
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Correspondence to I. A. Solonkin.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. All the applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All the procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.

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Solonkin, I.A., Zakharova, E.Y. & Shkurikhin, A.O. Wing Venation Abnormalities in the Black-Veined White Aporia crataegi L. (Lepidoptera, Pieridae): Insight in Terms of Modern Phenetics. Entmol. Rev. 101, 778–791 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873821060051

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