Skip to main content
Log in

Aesthetic design thinking model for urban environments: A survey based on a review of the literature

  • Original Article
  • Published:
URBAN DESIGN International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The primary aim of this qualitative grounded theory study is to unpack a method to understand the construction of aesthetic meaning, addressing the context differentiation. It is hypothesised in this study that the process of aesthetic cognition and the indicators thereof have different meanings in different urban contexts. In this regard, by conducting a systematic review of 140 qualitative studies that have been published since 1970s (in the 1970s, there was a movement towards the study of the aesthetic quality of the urban environment), this study proposes an aesthetic design thinking model to elucidate how built and non-built environmental factors of urban spatial configuration affect human perception. Our study demonstrates that every aesthetic response to the environment is derived from a communication between contemplative feeling, sensual desire and an immediate state of involvement. The findings contribute useful evidence to enhance our knowledge regarding to the role of formal and symbolic meanings of space configurations on aesthetic cognition of the urban environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S. and Silverstein, M. (1980) A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appleton, J. (1975) The Experience of Landscapes. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appleton, J. (1988) Prospects and refuges revisited. In: J. Nasar (ed.) Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research and Applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27–44.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Arnheim, R. (1954) Art and Visual Perception. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnheim, R. (1977) The Dynamics of Architectural Form. Berkeley, United States: University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arriaza, M., Canas, J., Canas-Madueno, J. and Ruiz, P. (2004) Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 69(1): 115–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balling, J.D. and Falk, J.H. (1982) Development of visual preference for natural environments. Environment and Behavior 14(1): 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baloglu, S. and McCleary, K.W. (1999) A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research 26(4): 868–897.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten, A.G. (1750) Aesthetica. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardsley, M.C. (1958) Aesthetics Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism. New York: Harcourt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardsley, M.C. (1969) Aesthetic experience regained. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 28(1): 3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benjafield, J.G. (2010) The golden section and American psychology. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 46(1): 52–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, I., Alcock, A., Murrain, P., McGlynn, S. and Smith, G. (1985) Responsive Environments: A Manual For Designers. London: Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berleant, A. (2005) Aesthetics and Environment: Variations on a Theme. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D.E. (1970) Novelty, complexity and hedonic value. Perception & Psychophysics 8(5A): 279–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D.E. (1971) Aesthetics and Psychobiology. New York: Meredith Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D.E. (1974) Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics: Steps toward an Objective Psychology of Aesthetic Appreciation. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, S. (1994) The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, H. (1969) Fashion: From class differentiation to collective selection. The Sociological Quarterly 10(3): 275–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boring, E.G. (1942) Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostanci, S.H. and Ocakçi, M. (2011) Innovative approach to aesthetic evaluation based on entropy. European Planning Studies 19(4): 705–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourassa, S.C. (1991) The Aesthetics of Landscape. London; New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Translated by R. Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. and Patterson, A. (2000) Imagining Marketing: Art, Aesthetics, and the Avant-garde. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budd, M. (2002) The Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature: Essays on the Aesthetics of Nature. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, E. and Mitchell, L. (2006) Inclusive Urban Design: Streets for Life. Oxford: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busquets, J. and Correa, F. (eds.) (2006) Cities: X Lines: Approaches to City and Open Territory Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Design.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cackowski, J.M. and Nasar, J.L. (2003) The restorative effects of roadside vegetation implications for automobile driver anger and frustration. Environment and Behavior 35(6): 736–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carbon, C. (2010) The cycle of preference: Long-term dynamics of aesthetic appreciation. Acta Psychologica 134(2): 233–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlino, G.A. and Saiz, A. (2008) City Beautiful. Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia: PA, Working Paper Number 08–22.

  • Carlson, A. (1979) Appreciation and the natural environment. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 37(3): 267–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, S. et al (1993) Public Space. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, N. (1995) On being moved by nature: Between religion and natural history. In: S. Kemal and I. Gaskell (eds.) Landscape, Natural Beauty, and the Arts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 244–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charters, S. (2006) Aesthetic products and aesthetic consumption: A review. Consumption Markets & Culture 9(3): 235–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coeterier, J. (1996) Dominant attributes in the perception and evaluation of the Dutch landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning 34(1): 27–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costonis, J. (1982) Law and aesthetics: A critique and a reformulation of the dilemmas. Michigan Law Review 80(1): 355–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, G. (1961) Townscape. London: Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cupchik, Gerald C. (2002) The evolution of psychical distance as an aesthetic concept. Culture and Psychology 8(2): 155–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danaci, H.M. (2012) Architectural education and environmental aesthetics. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 51(1): 878–882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, T.C. (2001) Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21 st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 54(4): 267–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie, G.L. (1961) Is psychology relevant to aesthetics? The Philosophical Review 71(3): 285–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie, G.L. (1997) Introduction to Aesthetics: An Analytic Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M. (1982) In the Active Voice. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Echtner, C. and Ritchie, J. (1991) The meaning and measurement of destination image. Tourism Studies 2(2): 2–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellin, N. (1996) Postmodern Urbanism. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenner, D.E. (2003) Introducing Aesthetics. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry, L. (1993) Homo Aestheticus. Translated by R. de Loaiza. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, R.T.T. (2008) Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City, 1st edn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Frewald, D. B. (1990) Preferences for older buildings: A psychological approach to architectural design. Dissertation Abstracts International 51(1-B): 414–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, H. (2003) Designing the City: Towards a More Sustainable Urban Form. London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funch, B.S. (1997) The psychology of Art Appreciation. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehl, J. (1996) Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space, 6th edn. Washington DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J.J. (1979) The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjerde, M. (2010) Visual aesthetic perception and judgement of urban streetscapes. In: P. Barrett (ed.) Building a Better World: CIB World Congress. Salford, UK: CIB Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobster, P.H. (1983) Judged appropriateness of residential structures in natural and developed shoreland settings. In: D. Amedeo, J. B. Griffin & J. J. Potter (Eds). EDRA 1983: proceedings of the fourteenth international conference of the environmental design research association; Lincoln, United States: University of Nebraska–Lincoln, pp. 105–112.

  • Godlovitch, S. (2004) Icebreakers: Environmentalism and natural aesthetics. In A. Carlson and A. Berleant (eds.) The Aesthetics of Natural Environments. Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, pp. 108–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, M. (1941) The Art of Color and Design. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groat, L.N. (1994) Carbuncles, columns, and pyramids: Lay and expert evaluations of contextual design strategies. In: B.C. Scheer and W.F.E. Preiser (eds.) Design Review: Challenging Urban Aesthetic Control. New York: Chapman and Hall, pp. 156–164.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Grunow, J. (1997) The Sociology of Taste. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C.D. and Ullman, E.L. (1945) The nature of cities. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 242(1): 7–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heft, H. and Nasar, J.L. (2000) Evaluating environmental scenes using dynamic versus static displays. Environment and Behavior 32(3): 301–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hekkert, P. and Leder, H. (2007) Product aesthetics. In: H.N. Schifferstein and P. Hekkert (eds.) Product Experience. Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited, pp. 259–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hekkert, P., Snelders, D. and van Wieringen, P.C.W. (2003) Most advanced, yet acceptable: Typicality and novelty as joint predictors of aesthetic preference in industrial design. British Journal of Psychology 94(1): 111–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, T.R. (1989) A cognitive analysis of preference for urban nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology 9(1): 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, J. (1991) Representing the environment: Visual surrogates in environmental assessment. In: J. Urbana-Soria, P. Ortega-Andeane and R. Bechtel (eds) Healthy Environments 22(1): 246–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, H. (1939) The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighbourhoods in American Cities. Washington DC: Federal Housing Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, A. and Appleyard, D. (1987) Towards an urban design manifesto: A prologue, American. Planning Association 53(1): 112–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, T. and Hofel, L. (2002) Aesthetic judgments of novel graphic patterns: Analyses of individual judgments. Perceptual and Motor Skills 95(3): 755–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1985) The analysis of perception via preference: A strategy for studying how the environment is experienced. Landscape Planning 12(1): 161–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. and Kaplan, S. (1982a) Cognition and Environment: Functioning in an Uncertian World. New York: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S. and Brown, T. (1989) Environment preference: A comparison of four domains of predictors. Environmental Behavior 21(5): 509–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S. (1982b) Where cognition and affect meet: A theoretical analysis of preference. In: P.A. Bart Chen and G. Francescato (eds.) Knowledge for Design. Washington DC: EDRA, pp. 183–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S. (1987) Aesthetics, affect and cognition: Environment preference from an evolutionary perspective. Environment and Behavior 19(1): 3–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, N. (2006) A history of design theory in art education. Aesthetic Education 40(2): 12–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koffka, K. (1935) Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Oxford; Boston, MA: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koolhaas, R. (1978) Delirious New York. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozak, M. (2003) Measuring tourist satisfaction with multiple destinations attributes. Tourism Analysis 7(3/4): 229–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuller, R. (1980) Architecture and emotions. In: B. Mikellides (ed.) Architecture and People. London: Studio Vista, pp. 87–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyttä, M., Kahila, M. and Broberg, A. (2011) Perceived environmental quality as an input to urban infill policy-making. Urban Design International 16(1): 19–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, J. (1988) Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, B. (2001) Language of Space, 1st edn. Oxford; Boston, MA: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leder, H., Belke, B., Oeberst, A. and Augustin, D. (2004) A model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments. British Journal of Psychology 95(4): 489–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lothian, A. (1999) Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: Is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder? Landscape and Urban Planning 44(4): 177–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, K. (1960) The Image of the City. Cambridge, UK: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, K. (1981) A Theory of Good City Form. Cambridge, UK: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madanipour, A. (1996) Design of Urban Space: An Inquiry into a Socio-Spatial process. Chichester, UK; New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn, S., Smith, G., Alcock, A. and Murrain, P. (1985) Responsive Environments, 1st edn. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montazeri, S. (2013) Design for Behavior Change: The Role of Product Visual Aesthetics in Promoting Sustainable Behavior. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, United States. Retrieved from: http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/97805, accessed 25 July 2014.

  • Moughtin, C. (1992) Urban Design Street and Square. Oxford: Butterworth Architecture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasar, J. (1983) Adult viewer's preferences in residential scenes: A study of the relationship of environmental attributes to preference. Environment and Behavior 15(5): 589–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasar, J. (1998) The Evaluative Image of the City. Thousand Oaks,CA and London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasar, J.L. (1994) Urban design aesthetics: The evaluative qualities of building exteriors. Environment & Behavior 26(3): 377–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nohl, W. (2001) Sustainable landscape use and aesthetic perception preliminary reflections on future landscape aesthetics. Landscape and Urban Planning 54(1–4): 223–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olascoaga, J.F. (2003) Development of a new approach for appraising the aesthetic quality of cities. Doctoral dissertation,Texas Tech University, Lubbock, https://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/handle/2346/10406, accessed 30 June 2014.

  • Orians, G.H. (1980) Habitat selection: General theory and applications to human behaviour. In: J.S. Lockard (ed.) The Evolution of Human Social Behavior. New York: Elsevier, pp. 49–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porteous, J.D. (1996) Environmental Aesthetics: Ideas, Politics and Planning. London; New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radović, D. (2004) Towards culturally responsive and responsible teaching of urban design. Urban Design International 9(4): 175–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Railton, P. (1998) Aesthetic value, moral value and the ambitions of naturalism. In: J. Levinson (ed.) Aesthetics and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, V.S. and Hirstein, W. (1999) The science of art: A neurological theory of aesthetic experience. Journal of consciousness Studies 6(6–7): 15–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, A. (1990) History and Precedent in Environmental Design. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, B. (2011) An Introduction to Visual Impact Assessment. In: R. Shaw and T. Jackson (eds.). Loughborough, UK: WEDC Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribe, R.G. (1982) On the possibility of quantifying scenic beauty: A response. Landscape and Planning 9(1): 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, H.W. and Bae, C.-H. C. (eds.) (2005) Globalization and Urban Development. Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ruskin, J. (1857) The Elements of Drawing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepe, M. and Pitt, M. (2013) Improving liveability and attractiveness by preserving place identity in emblematic thoroughfares: A method and a case study. Urban Design International 18(3): 229–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, F. (2001) Approach to Aesthetics: Collected Papers on Philosophical Aesthetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sitte, C. (1889) City Planning According to Artistic Principles. Translated by G. R. Collins and C. Collins. London: Phaidon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T., Neiischer, M. and Perkins., N. (1997) Quality of an urban community: A framework for understanding the relationship between quality and physical form. Landscape and Urban Planning 39(2/3): 229–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solà-Morales, M.D. (2008) Ten Lessons on Barcelona, Bilingual edition Barcelona, Spain: Col-Legi D’Arquitectes de Catalunya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamps, A. E. and Nasar, J. L. (1997) Design review and public preferences: Effects of geographical location, public consensus, sensation seeking, and architectural styles. Environmental Psychology 17(1): 11–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tatarkiewicz, W. (1980) A History of Six Ideas: An Essay in Aesthetics. Den Haag, The Netherlands: Nijhoff.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. (2002) Architecture and the Urban Environment: A Vision for the New Age, 1st edn. Oxford; Boston, MA: Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trancik, R. (1986) Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design. New Jersey, USA: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschumi, B. (1996) Architecture and Disjunction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R.S. (1977) Visual landscape preference: A model and application. Man Environment Systems 7(5): 279–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R.S. (1983) Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. Human Behavior & Environment: Advances in Theory & Research 6(2): 85–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R.S. (1986) Human responses to vegetation and landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 13(1): 29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wassenberg, F. (2013) Large Housing Estates: Ideas, Rise, Fall and Recovery: The Bijlmermeer and Beyond. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, T. and Wall, E. (2009) Basics Landscape Architecture 01: Urban Design. Lausanne, Switzerland; La Vergne, TN: Fairchild Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, R., Schnier, J. and Jacobsen, T. (2008) Aesthetics of streetscapes: Influence of fundamental properties on aesthetic judgment of urban space. Perceptual and Motor Skills 106: 128–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zevi, B. (1974) Architecture as Space: How to Look at Architecture. Norfolk, UK: Horizon Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their thanks to Professor Dr Şebnem Hoşkara and Associate Professor Dr Mukaddes Fasli for their useful comments in the process of monitoring this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hourakhsh Ahmad Nia.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmad Nia, H., Atun, R. Aesthetic design thinking model for urban environments: A survey based on a review of the literature. Urban Des Int 21, 195–212 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2015.25

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2015.25

Keywords

Navigation