Abstract
Despite a growing recognition of the role of the media in nation branding, a clear understanding of the relationship between the latter and foreign correspondents is absent and needed. Although foreign correspondents are a key target of nation branding, studies generally depict these journalists as vehicles exploited by authorities and consultants rather than actors in their own right. Drawing on twenty-one interviews with foreign correspondents who have covered Brazil in the last two decades, this article identifies three relationship modes between journalists and nation branding: ‘challenging’, ‘aligning with’ and ‘filtering’ soft power. These modes open up a more nuanced understanding of the soft power-journalism nexus, with foreign correspondents having the potential to be collaborators or antagonists of soft power. Acknowledging the agency of Western journalists in relation to soft power initiatives is especially important for Global South nations, due to the dependency of the latter on securing positive coverage by overseas news organisations and their perceived need to be recognised by the West. Moreover, although foreign correspondents claim to contest the version of Brazil put forward by authorities, they ultimately favour similar forms of national imagination, emphasising economic performance, global inequalities and consequently restricting alternative possibilities to communicate the nation.
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Notes
There are competing understandings of what a foreign correspondent is, depending on nationality, employer, recognition, and contractual conditions. Whilst acknowledging these differences, I use Brüggeman et al.’s (2017, p. 541) broader definition of ‘persons employed by a news organization who make their living by journalistic reporting to an audience in another country’.
For example, in February 2020 the first Global Soft Power Summit was held in London, organised by BrandFinance. The event was also used to launch the Global Soft Power Index, a survey of perceptions of foreign nations conducted with 55,000 people in 100 countries.
A representative sample was not possible. There is no reliable information on the number and general characteristics of foreign correspondents in Brazil. Although the Association of Foreign Press in Brazil told me that they have around 300 members, several journalists whom I met were not part of that organisation.
Lula was however released from prision in November 2019 and the corruption convictions were annuled in March 2021.
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Simon Cottle, Sabina Mihelj, Pawel Surowiec, Nadia Kaneva, Göran Bolin, Michael Skey, and James Pamment for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this article. He would also like to thank the organisers of the workshop ‘Public Diplomacy in Conflict: Nordic, Baltic and East European Perspectives’, held at Södertörn University on May 2019, for allowing him to discuss some of the ideas presented here. Finally, he is extremely grateful to the ICA Public Diplomacy Interest Group for the surprising honourable mention this article received in the ICA 2021 conference.
Funding
This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (Grant No. ES/S011846/1).
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Jiménez-Martínez, C. Soft power and media power: western foreign correspondents and the making of Brazil’s image overseas. Place Brand Public Dipl 19, 103–113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-021-00247-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-021-00247-x