Skip to main content

Does Students’ Gender Matter? Parents’ Educational Expectations, Their Determinants, and Consequences in Explaining Students’ Dropout in an Area in Cambodia

  • Chapter
The Political Economy of Schooling in Cambodia

Part of the book series: International and Development Education ((INTDE))

  • 845 Accesses

Abstract

Cambodia has experienced remarkable educational expansion at all levels since the fall of the Khmer Rouge in 1979 (Ayres 2000), yet provision of basic education1 to all children remains challenging (Chhinh and Dy 2009). Two major obstacles hamper the provision of basic education to all children: (a) low transition rates from primary to lower secondary school,2 and (b) high dropout rates3 in grades 7–9. According to Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS) statistics, 76.8 percent of all promoted 6th graders in 2012/13 transferred to lower secondary school; 21.2 percent of lower secondary students dropped out each grade (MoEYS 2014).

This research benefited from a grant from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). We would like to thank the following people for their support, without whose help this work would never have been possible: Dr. Sitha Chhinh, Dr. D. Brent Edwards, Prof. Dr. Yuto Kitamura, and Mr. Sokha Sung. We also thank Prof. Dr. Volker Stocké, Mr. Daniel Klein, and the participants of the research colloquium at the University of Kassel for fruitful comments and discussions on earlier versions of this paper.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, K. L. and Cook, M. A. 1979. “The motivational relevance of educational plans: Questioning the conventional wisdom.” Social Psychology Quarterly 42(3): 202–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, K. L., and Eckland, B. K. 1974. “Sex differences in the educational attainment process.” American Sociological Review 39(5): 668–682. doi:10.2307/2094313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., and Bedinger, S. D. 1994. “When expectations work: Race and socioeconomic differences in school performance.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(4): 283–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allison, P. D. 2001. Missing data. Sage University Papers on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07–136. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, D. M. 2000. Anatomy of a crisis: Education, development, and the State in Cambodia, 1953–1998. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, B. 2010. “Bildungsaspirationen von Migranten: Determinanten und Umsetzung in Bildungsergebnisse.” Arbeitspapiere—Mannheimer Zentrum für europäische Sozialforschung 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. M. and Duncan, O. D. 1967. The American occupational structure. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchmann, C., DiPrete, T. A., and McDaniel, A. 2008. “Gender inequalities in education.” Annual Review of Sociology 34(1): 319–337. doi:10.1l46/annurev.soc.34.040507.134719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, R. S. 1984. “Network items and the general social survey.” Social Networks 6: 293–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chhinh, S. and Dy, S. S. 2009. “Education reform context and process in Cambodia.” In Hirosato, Y. and Kitamura, Y. (eds.) Education in the Asia-Pacific region: Issues, concerns and prospects: Vol. 13. The political economy of educational reforms and capacity development in Southeast Asia. Cases of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, pp. 113–129. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis-Kean, P. E. 2005. “The influence of parent education and family income on child achievement: The indirect role of parental expectations and the home environment.” Journal of family psychology 19(2): 294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diefenbach, H. 2010. “Jungen—die ‘neuen’ Bildungsverlierer.” In Quenzel, G. and Hurrelmann, K. (eds.) Bildungsverlierer, pp. 245–271. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92576-9_12.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • DiPrete, T. A. and Buchmann, C. 2013. The rise of women: The growing gender gap in education and what it means for American schools. New York: The Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, X. and Chen, M. 2001. “Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis.” Educational psychology Review 13(1): 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, C., Gallimore, R., Reese, L., and Garnier, H. 2001. “Cause or effect? A longitudinal study of immigrant Latino parents’ aspirations and expectations, and their children’s school performance.” American Educational Research Journal 38(3): 547–582. doi:10.3102/00028312038003547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greeves, R. and Bredenberg, K. 2005. Contract teachers in Cambodia. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haller, A. O. 1968. “On the concept of aspiration.” Rural Sociology 33(4): 484–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannum, E., Kong, P., and Zhang, Y. 2009. “Family sources of educational gender inequality in rural China: A critical assessment.” International Journal of Educational Development 29(5): 474–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Hippel, P. T. 2007. “Regression with missing ys: an improved strategy for analyzing multiply imputed data.” Sociological Methodology 37(1): 83–117. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9531.2007.00180.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, J. H. P. 2003. ‘“Stellung im Beruf als Ersatz für eine Berufsklassifikation zur Ermittlung von sozialem Prestige.’ ZUMA Nachrichten 27(53): 114–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossler, D. and Stage, F. K. 1992. “Family and high school experience influences on the postsecondary educational plans of ninth-grade students.” American Educational Research Journal 29(2): 425–451. doi:10.3102/00028312029002425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, F. 2008. Dropping out from school: A cross country review of the literature. Create pathways to access. Research Monograph, No. 16. Centre for International Education, Sussex School of Education, University of Sussex, Sussex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, H. H. 1966. “The value systems of different classes. A social psychological contribution to the analysis of stratification.” In Bendix, R. and Lipset, S. M. (eds.) Class, status, and power. Social stratification in comparative perspective (2nd Ed.; 1st Ed. from 1953, pp. 488–499. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeynes, W. H. 2005. “A meta-analysis of the relation of parental involvement to urban elementary school student academic achievement.” Urban education 40(3): 237–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeynes, W. H. 2007. “The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary school student academic achievement a meta-analysis.” Urban Education 42(1): 82–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D. S., Liu, X., and Kaplan, H. B. 2001. “Influence of parents’ self-feelings and expectations on children’s academic performance.” The Journal of Educational Research 94(6): 360–370. doi:10.2307/27542347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlson, K. B., Holm, A., and Breen, R. 2012. “Comparing regression coefficients between same-sample nested models using logit and probit a new method.” Sociological Methodology 42(1): 286–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, U. and Karlson, K. 2013. KHB: Stata module to decompose total effects into direct and indirect via KHB-method. Statistical Software Components. Retrieved from: http://fmwww.bc.edu/repec/bocode/k/khb.ado

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, U., Karlson, K. B., and Holm, A. 2011. “Comparing coefficients of nested nonlinear probability models.” Stata Journal 11(3): 420–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korupp, S. E., Ganzeboom, H. B., and Sanders, K. 2002. “Wie die Mutter, so die Tochter? Dynamiken und Trends im Statusverebungsprozess zwischen Müttern und Töchtern in Westdeutschland und den Niederlanden.” Kölner Zeitschrif für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 54: 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, E. 2014. “The family—school interaction: school composition and parental educational expectations in the United States.” British Educational Research Journal 41(2): 183–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. S. 2010. “Parental educational investments and aspirations in Japan.” Journal of Family Issues 31(12): 1579–1603. doi:10.1177/0192513X10368268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, J. S. and Freese, J. 2014. Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata, 3rd ed. College Station, Tex: Stata Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marini, M. 1978. “Sex differences in the determination of adolescent aspirations: A review of research.” Sex Roles 4(5). doi:10.1007/BF00287335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS). 2007. Education Law. Phonm Penh: Government of Cambodia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS). 2014. Education statistics and indicators. Phnom Penh: Government of Cambodia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mistry, R. S., White, E. S., Benner, A. D., and Huynh, V. W. 2009a. “A longitudinal study of the simultaneous influence of mothers’ and teachers’ educational expectations on low-income youth’s academic achievement.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38(6): 826–838. doi:10.1007/sl0964-008-9300-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mistry, R. S., White, E. S., Benner, A. D., and Huynh, V. W. 2009b. “A longitudinal study of the simultaneous influence of mothers’ and teachers’ educational expectations on low-income youth’s academic achievement.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38(6): 826–838. doi:10.1007/sl0964-008-9300-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Statistics. 2012. Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2010. Phnom Penh. Retrieved from http://www.nis.gov.kh/index.php/en/find-statis-tic/publications/reports/cses-reports.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEFAC Secretariat General. 2007. National EFA Mid-Decade Assessment Report 2005. Phnom Penh. Retrieved from http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Cambodia/Cambodia_EFA_MDA.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raleigh, E. and Kao, G. 2010. “Do immigrant minority parents have more consistent college aspirations for their children?” Social Science Quarterly 91(4): 1083–1102. doi:10.1111/j.l540-6237.2010.00750.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, D. B. 1976. “Inference and missing data.” Biometrika 63(3): 581–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rumberger, R. and Lim, S. A. 2008. Why students drop out of school: A review of 25 years of research. Santa Barbara, CA: California Dropout Research Project. http://cdrp.ucsb.edu/dropouts/pubs_reports.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seginer, R. 1983. “Parents’ educational expectations and children’s academic achievements: A literature review.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 1982: 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, W. H., Haller, A. O., and Ohlendorf, G. W. 1970. “The educational and early occupational status attainment process: replication and revision.” American Sociological Review 35(6): 1014–1027. doi:10.2307/2093379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, W. H., Haller, A. O., and Portes, A. 1969. “The educational and early occupational attainment process.” American Sociological Review 34: 89–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, W. H. and Shah, V. P. 1967. “Socioeconomic status, intelligence, and the attainment of higher education.” Sociology of Education 40(1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/2112184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spera, C., Wentzel, K., and Matto, H. 2009a. “Parental aspirations for their children’s educational attainment: Relations to ethnicity, parental education, children’s academic performance, and parental perceptions of school climate.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38(8): 1140–1152. doi:10.1007/S10964-008-9314-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spera, C., Wentzel, K., and Matto, H. 2009b. “Parental aspirations for their children’s educational attainment: relations to ethnicity, parental education, children’s academic performance, and parental perceptions of school climate.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38(8): 1140–1152. doi:10.1007/S10964-008-9314-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stocké, V. 2010. “Adaptivität oder Konformität? Die Bedeutung der Bezugsgruppe und der Leistungsrealität der Kinder für die Entwicklung elterlicher Bildungsaspirationen am Ende der Grundschulzeit.” In Baumert, J., Maaz, K., and Trautwein, U. (eds.) Bildungsentscheidungen. Zeitschrifi für Erziehungswissenschaft Sonderhef 12/2009, pp. 257–281. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasco, E. 2001. Why are girls not in school? Perceptions, realities and contradictions in changing Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasco, E. 2004. “Ensuring gender equity in education for all: Is Cambodia on track?” PROSPECTS 34(1): 37–51. doi:10.1023/B:PROS.0000026681.52368.ef.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wentzel, K. R. 1998. “Parents’ aspirations for children’s educational attainments: Relations to parental beliefs and social address variables.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 44(1): 20–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • WFP Cambodia. 2011. The Food Security Atlas of Cambodia. Retrieved from http://www.foodsecurityatlas.org/khm/country.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, I. R., Royston, P., and Wood, A. M. 2011. “Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice.” Statistics in medicine, 30(4): 377–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T. H. 1972. “Educational aspirations: Longitudinal evidence on their development in Canadian Youth.” Sociology of Education 45(2): 107–133. doi:10.2307/2112004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woelfel, J. and Haller, A. O. 1971. “Significant others, the self-reflexive act and the attitude formation process.” American Sociological Review 36(1): 74–87. doi:10.2307/2093508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D., Kaplan, R., and McLoyd, V. C. 2007. “Gender differences in the educational expectations of urban, low-income African American youth: The role of parents and the school.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 36(4): 417–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, Y. and Holloway, S. D. 2010. “Parental expectations and children’s academic performance in sociocultural context.” Educational Psychology Review 22(3): 189–214. doi:10.1007/sl0648-010-9121-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Kao, G., and Hannum, E. 2007. “Do mothers in rural China practice gender equality in educational aspirations for their children?” Comparative Education Review 51(2): 131–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, M. and Glewwe, P. 2010. “What determines basic school attainment in developing countries? Evidence from rural China.” Economics of Education Review 29(3): 451–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Yuto Kitamura D. Brent Edwards Jr. Chhinh Sitha James H. Williams

Copyright information

© 2016 Thomas Zimmermann and James H. Williams*

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zimmermann, T., Williams, J.H. (2016). Does Students’ Gender Matter? Parents’ Educational Expectations, Their Determinants, and Consequences in Explaining Students’ Dropout in an Area in Cambodia. In: Kitamura, Y., Edwards, D.B., Sitha, C., Williams, J.H. (eds) The Political Economy of Schooling in Cambodia. International and Development Education. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137456007_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137456007_7

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-57740-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-45600-7

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics